- •L.M. Takumbetоvа english lexicology preface
- •1. Morphological and Derivational Structure of Words.........................................57
- •Abbreviations and symbols
- •Introduction lexicology as a branch of linguistics.
- •Its subject matter and objectives
- •1. The Subject Matter of Lexicology.
- •2. The Theoretical and Practical Value of Lexicology
- •Questions and Tasks
- •2. The Problem of Word Definition
- •3. Types of Nomination and Motivation of Lexical Units
- •4. The Notion of Lexeme. Variants of Words
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Chapter 2 semasiology. The problem of meaning
- •1. Referential and Functional Approaches to Meaning
- •2. Types of Meaning
- •3. The Semantic Structure of Words. Polysemy
- •4. Сauses, Types and Results of Semantic Change
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Which of the following words are monosemantic (use a dictionary)?
- •II. Group together the following pairs of words according to the lsVs they represent. Use dictionaries if necessary.
- •III. Define the meanings of the italicized words in the following sentences. Say how meanings of the same word are associated one with another.
- •IV. Explain the logical associations in the meanings of the same words in the following word combinations. Define the type of transference which has taken place.
- •V. Comment on the change of meanings in the italicized words.
- •Chapter 3 english vocabulary as a system
- •1. Semantic Classes of Lexemes in the Lexico-semantic
- •System of the English Language
- •2. Synonymy
- •3. Antonymy
- •4. Homonymy
- •The Origin of Homonyms in the English Language
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Classify the following words into logical groups on the principle of hyponymy.
- •II. Arrange the following lexemes into three lexico-semantic groups - feelings, parts of the body, education.
- •III. Prove that the following sets of words are synonyms (use dictionaries).
- •IV. Find the dominant synonym in the following synonymic sets. Explain your choice.
- •V. Find antonyms for the words given below.
- •VI. A) Find the homonyms proper for the following words; give their Russian equivalents.
- •VI. Match the italicized words with the phonetics.
- •Chapter 4 morphological structure of english words and word formation
- •1. Morphological and Derivational Structure of Words
- •2. Аffixation
- •Clаssification of Prefixes
- •Classification of Suffixes
- •3. Conversion
- •Patterns of Semantic Relations by Conversion
- •Basic Criteria of Sеmantic Derivation within Conversion Pairs
- •4. Word-Composition (Compounding)
- •Classifications of Compound Words
- •Meaning and Motivation in Compound Words
- •Historical Changes of Compounds
- •5. Minor Types of Word-Formation
- •Questions and tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. A) Give examples of nouns with the following suffixes; state which of the suffixes are productive.
- •II. Explain the etymology and productivity of the affixes given below. Say what parts of speech they form.
- •III. In the following examples the italicized words are formed from the same root by means of different affixes. Translate these derivatives into Russian and explain the difference in meaning.
- •IV. Find cases of conversion in the following sentences.
- •V. Explain the semantic correlations within the following pair of words.
- •VI. Identify the compounds in the word-groups below. Say as much as you can about their structure and semantics.
- •VII. Match the following onomatopoeic words with the names of referents producing the sounds they denote in brackets.
- •VIII. Define the particular type of world-building process by which the following words were formed and say as much as you can about them.
- •Chapter 5 word-groups and phraseological units
- •1. Lexical Valency and Collocability
- •2. Criteria of phraseological units
- •3. Classifications of phraseological units
- •4. Origin of phraseological units
- •Questions and tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. What is the source and meaning of the following idioms?
- •II. Explain whether the semantic changes in the following units are complete or partial.
- •III. Give Russian equivalents of the following phraseological units from the list below.
- •IV. Give the proverbs from which the following phraseological units have developed.
- •V. Match the beginning of the proverb in the left-hand corner with its ending in the right-hand corner.
- •Chapter 6 etymological background of the english vocabulary
- •1. What Is Etymology?
- •2. Native English Vocabulary
- •3. Loan Words and Their Role in the Formation of the English Vocabulary
- •4. Assimilation of Borrowings
- •5. Degree of Assimilation and Factors Determining It
- •5. Impact of Borrowings on the English Language System
- •Quesions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Subdivide the following words of native origin into a) Indo-European, b) Germanic, c) English proper.
- •II. Distribute the following Latin borrowings into three groups according to the time of borrowing.
- •III. Find the examples of Scandinavian borrowings in the sentences given below. How can they be identified?
- •IV. Point out whether the italicized words in the sentences given below are Norman or Parisian French borrowings. How can they be identified?
- •V. Explain the etymology of the italicized words (native English and borrowings). Use etymological dictionaries if necessary.
- •VIII. Think of 10-15 examples of Russian borrowings in English and English borrowings in Russian. Literary sources
- •II. Optional
- •Dictionaries
- •Internet sources
Questions and tasks
1. How do word-groups differ from words and sentences?
2. What is the difference between valency and collocability?
3.Explain thе difference between lexical and syntactical valency/ collocability. Give examples.
4. What are the criteria of phraseological units?
5.What are the main subdivisions of phraseological units in the classifications by V.V.Vinigradov, A.I. Smirnitsky, N.N.Amosova, A.V.Kunin? Point out the merits and shortcomings of the classifications.
6. Find in dictionaries examples of
a) phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, phraseological collocations;
b) one-summit and multi-summit units;
c) phrasemes, idioms;
7. Point out the main sources of phraseological units in English.
8. Find examples of English phraseological units partially or fully equivalent to Russian phraseological units.
Exercises
I. What is the source and meaning of the following idioms?
Achilles heel, the Trojan horse, a labour of Hercules, forbidden fruit, an apple of discord, the serpent in the tree, an ugly duckling, vanity fair, a wolf in sheep’s clothing, the root of all evil, the fair sex, the last of the Mohicans, let’s return to our muttons, the call of the wild, feel/look like a million dollars, open Pandora’s box.
II. Explain whether the semantic changes in the following units are complete or partial.
between the devil and the deep sea, to build castles in the air, to fly into a temper, a wolf in a sheep’s clothing, to beat about the bush, to stick to one’s word, a bosom friend, to run a risk, to add fuel to the fire, to fall ill, to fall in love, mare’s nest, in the long run, donkey’s years, to take oneself in hand, to win a victory, to put all one’s eggs in one basket, a big fish in a little pond, red tape, to launch a campaign.
III. Give Russian equivalents of the following phraseological units from the list below.
carry coals to Newcastle, play fast and loose, a bitter pill to swallow, a break in the clouds, to smell a rat, a bee in one’s bonnet, mad as a hatter, a storm in a tea-cup, a heart of stone, donkey’s years, alive and kicking, vain as a peacock, he won’t set the Thames on fire, cut and run, it’s a small world, a pig in a poke.
(буря в стакане воды, луч надежды, жив и здоров, вести нечестную игру, навязчивая идея, не в своем уме, почуять недоброе, долгое время, ехать в Тулу со своим самоваром, мир тесен, спасаться бегством, кот в мешке, важный как павлин, он звезд с неба не хватает, горькая пилюля, каменное сердце).
IV. Give the proverbs from which the following phraseological units have developed.
birds of a feather, to catch at a straw, to cast pearls before swine, a bird in the bush, to cry over spilt milk, the last straw.
V. Match the beginning of the proverb in the left-hand corner with its ending in the right-hand corner.
1. Burn not your house a) what you can do today
2. One swallow b) the mice will play
3. Never put off till tomorrow c) but whence come the bad wives?
4. When the cat is away d) does not make a summer
5. All are good lasses e) in troubled waters
6. It is good fishing f) has a silver lining
7. Every white has its black g) to get rid of the mouse
8. Time and tide h) but God disposes
9. Man proposes i) flock together
10. Every cloud j) but every sweet its sour
11. Birds of a feather k) wait for no man