- •The scope of lexicology and the key notions of the word studies
- •It is the relation between the notion named and the name itself.
- •2. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •3. The theoretical and practical value of lexicology
- •Methods of lexicological research
- •The Word as a Linguistic Unit. The Semantic Sstructure of the Word
- •2. Meaning and notion. Types of meaning.
- •3. The elements of the semantic structure. Polysemy.
- •4. The change of meaning
- •Intralinguistic relations of words, thematic groups. The theory of semantic fields
- •1. Homonyms as words with different meanings. Classifications of homonyms.
- •2. Sources of homonymy. Homonymy and polysemy.
- •1. Homonyms as words with different meanings. Classifications of homonyms
- •2. Sources of homonymy. Homonymy and polysemy
- •2. Sources of synonymy
- •3. Euphemisms
- •4. Other types of paradigmatic relations
- •5. Antonyms.
- •2. Classification of the vocabulary according to the period of time.
- •2. Etymological classification of the vocabulary
- •3) Unassimilated loan words or barbarisms: hos d`oeuvres.
- •1) The classification according to the part of speech.
- •Lexicalisation
- •Native affixes
- •2. Compound words
- •Semi-affixes
- •Classification of compounds
- •3. Shortenings
- •I.V. Arnold [] speaks about so-called minor types of lexical oppositions, to which she referred Sound interchange, Distinctive stress, Sound imitation.
- •4. Conversion
- •Conversion in present-day English
- •Partial conversion
- •Substantivation
- •1. The notion of phraseology. The main properties of pharaseological units.
- •2. Classifications of phraseological units
- •1. The notion of phraseology. The main properties of pharaseological units.
- •2. Classifications of phraseological units
- •Structural classification of phraseological units
- •I. Methods of lexicological research
- •II. The Word as a Linguistic Unit. The Semantic structure of the Word
- •(S)Мыркин в.Я. Чувственно-иконическое значение слова//Филологические науки.- 2005-№ 5.
- •(S) Сидорова т.А. Взаимосвязь членимости, производности и мотивированности внутренней формы слова.// Филологические науки. – 2006-№1.
- •(S)Виноградов в.В. Об омонимии и смежных явлениях/Введение в языкознание: Хрестоматия. – м.: Аспект Пресс, 2000.
- •Stylistic classification of the vocabulary.
- •(S)Добросклонская т.Г. Роль сми в динамике языковых процессов// Вестник мгу Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация.№5.- 2005.
- •6.(S)Сердобинцева е.Н. Речевые характеристики профессиональной лексики // Филологические науки. – 2006-№3.
- •1. The morpheme and types of morphemes. Derivation
- •2. Compound words.
- •(S)Зеленин а.В. Дезаббревиация в русском языке//вя2005№1.
- •Кочарян ю.Г. Аббревиация кА лингвистический феномен//Вестник мгу Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация.№3.- 2007.
- •(S)Смирницкий а.И. Лексикология английского языка. – м.: Изд-во мгу, 1998. – 260 с .- с.48-135. Additional
- •4. (S)Кунин а.В. Курс фразеологии английского языка. – Дубна: Феникс, 1996 – 381 с., с. 8 – 28; 46-98; 212 – 241; 339-364.
- •1.Lexicography
- •2.Variants of English
-
LECTURE I
Lexicology as a Branch of Linguistics
The scope of lexicology and the key notions of the word studies
Links with other branches of linguistics
The theoretical and practical value of lexicology
Methods of lexicological research
1. The scope of lexicolgy
The word “Lexicology” comes from two Greek roots: lexis - “word” and logos -
“learning”. It is a branch of linguistics that deals with the vocabulary
of a language and the properties of words.
The basic task of this discipline is a systematic description of the
vocabulary of a language from the point of view of its origin, development
and current use.
The field of lexicology has been under discussion. The most disputable
points are: 1)the problem of the word and 2) distinguishing lexicology
as a separate science. Repesentatives of various linguistic schools treated these problems from different angles and often came to different conclusions.
Thus American descriptivists did not treat the word as the main unit
of the language, while many other scholars including former Soviet or present
Russian scholars consider it the basic unit of the language.
Some foreign scholars such as Ul. Weinrech, Aidan Cahill, M. Halliday,
D. Crystal and others did not distinguish lexicology
as a separate linguistic discipline and it was in the works
of Russian scholars (V.V.Vinogradov,G.O.Vinokur, L.V. Scherba,
A.I. Smirnitsky,O.S. Akhmanova etc.) that the theory of this science was
worked out.Today this branch of linguistics is a very important one and many
of its aspects are under research.
Considering lexicology scholars traditionally speak about general, special,
historical and descriptive, comparative and contrastive, applied and functional
lexicology.
General lexicology is the study of words and vocabulary, irrespective
of the specific features of any particular language. It deals with language
universals which are linguistic phenomena and features common to all languages.
It means that general lexicology forms a part of general linguistics.
In contrast to general lexicology, special lexicology devotes its attention
to the description of the characteristic peculiarities in the vocabulary of
a given language. Special lexicology is based on the principles of general
lexicology and uses its terms and notions.
Speaking about historical and descriptive lexicology, we should speak about
two main approaches to the study of language material,which are
the synchronic and the diachronic approach. The term diachronic (that originates from
Greek dia - “through” and chronos- “time”) means “historical” and the term
synchronic (Greek syn –“together”) –present. The distinction between
a synchronic and a diachronic approach was suggested and developed by
the Swiss philologist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). He insisted on
the necessity of separate studies and supposed that synchronic linguistics
is concerned with systems and diachronic linguistics with single units.
Historical lexicology uses the diachronic approach and discusses the evolution
of any vocabulary, the history of various words and their change in the coarse of language
development. It takes into consideration both linguistic and extra-linguistic
forces that modify their structure, meaning and usage.
.
Descriptive lexicology (which takes the synchronic approach) deals
with the vocabulary of a particular language at a certain stage of its development.
It is interested in words as morpohological and semantical structures, investigating
the interdependence between these two aspects.
The distinction between these two different ways is methodological.
It is used for the research purpose and in real language these two aspects are
inseparable, because actually every linguistic structure and system exists in a state
of constant development.
M.V. Solovieva gives the following example to illustrate the possibilities of two
approaches to the language studies. If we take the word “beggar”, synchronically
we can say that this noun is a derivative from the verb “to beg” by
means of the suffix –ar-. But diachronically it is obvious that the noun was
borrowed from French and the verb “to beg” appeared as the result of back
derivation.
Within the scope of lexicology are also comparative and contrastive lexicology.
The former studies closely related languages from the point of view of their
typological identity or differentiation. The latter aims at establishing similarity
and difference between both related and unrelated languages. Applied lexicology
covers terminology, lexicography, translation linguodidactics and pragmatics
of speech. Functional lexicology describes the words from the point of view of
their ability to provide and support meaningful communication.
The key notions of lexicology are the word, vocabulary, phraseological unit,
meaning, semasiology and onomasiology, lexical system.
The term vocabulary is used to denote the system formed by all the words
and phraseological units of the language.
The term word is used to denote a very complicated notion, which is defined
in many ways. Traditionally the word denotes the basic unit of
a given language resulting from the association of a particular meaning with
a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical
employment. If we try to explain it, we can say that any word consists of sounds,
is used in some characteristic grammatical functions and has a special meaning
of its own. Thus a word therefore is simultaneously a semantic, grammatical
and phonological unit.
The phraseological unit is a group of words, characterized by a completely
or partially transferred meaning.
The term meaning is also very dubious. According to F. de Soaussure,