Глава 3

¹ CeciSt. Personal communication. March, 11. 1986.

² Lewis M., Stanger C, Sullivan M. Deception in Three Year Olds. Неопубликованная рукопись без даты. Авторы рабо­ тают в: Institute for the Study of Child Development, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.

³ Stouthamer-Loeber M., Postell L, Loeber ft. Lying and Mis­ representation of Reality in Four-Year-Olds (draft ms.).

⁴ Большинство фактов о том, что маленькие дети не умеют лгать, введено в научный оборот книгой: PiagetJ. The Moral Judgement of the Child. Glencoe, III.: The Free Press. 1965. (Originally published 1932.)

⁵ Wimmer H., Gruber S., Perner J. Young Children's Concep­ tion of Lying: Lexical Realism — Moral Subjectivism // Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1984. Vol. 37. P. 1—30.

⁶ Stern C, Stern W. Monographien uber die seelische Ent- wicklung des Kindes. s. Brand: Erinnerung. Aussage und Luge in der ersten Kindheit. Leipzig: Barth. 1931. 4th ed. (Originally pub­ lished 1909.) Приводится по: Wimmer H., Gruber S., Perner J. Young Children's Conception of Lying. P. 28.

⁷ Leonard £ A. A Parents' Study of Children's Lies // The Pedagogical Seminary. 1920. June. Vol. 27. № 2. P. 130.

⁸ Reterson С. С, Peterson J. L, Seeto D. Developmental Changes in Ideas About Lying // Child Development. 1983. Vol. 54. P. 1529—1535.

⁹ Это цитата из диссертации о детской лжи. См.: Vasek M. £ Lying: The Development of Children's Understanding of Decep­ tion. Master's thesis. Clark University. Worcester. Mass., 1984.

¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹ Ibid.

¹² Harrington W. Revenge of the Dupes // The Washington Post Magazine. 1987. 27 December. P. 17—21.

¹³ Stouthamer-Loeber M. Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review // Clinical Psychology Review. 1986. Vol. 6. P. 267—289.

¹⁴ Эти гипотезы выдвинуты в ст.: Stouthamer-Loeber M. Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A. Review.

¹⁵ Я нашел эту цитату в кн.: Lickona T. Raising Good Child­ ren. N. Y.: Bantam, 1983. P. 117.

266

^,e См. обзор: DePaulo В., Jordan A Age Cttanges lit Deoe wing and Detecting Deceit // Development of Nonwexfaoli ВвИанн in Children/Ed. Feldman ft. S. N. Y.: Springer Wertan, 1SHZ P. 151—180.

⁷⁷ Ekman P. Telling Lies. N. Y.: W. W. Norton, 1985;аивав;Р. 0"Sullivan M. Hazards in Detecting Deceit // Psychological Me Ifiods for Investigation and Evidence/Ed. Raskin D. N. Y.: Spin §er, in press; Ekman P. Why Lies Fail and What Behaviors Г a lie // Credibility Assessment — A Unified Theoretical and I arch Perspective/Ed. Yuille J. С Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Klu wer Academic Publishers, in press; Ekman P., Friesen W. V. O'Sullivan M. Smiles When Lying // Journal of Personality an< Soda! Psychology. 1988. Vol. 54. P. 414—420; Ekman P., Fri ■sen W. V. Felt, False and Miserable Smiles //Journal of Nonver ■el Behavior. 1982. Vol. 6. P. 238—252; Ekman P. Friesen W. V Delecting Deception from Body or Face // Journal of Personal* and Social Psychology. 1974. Vol. 29. P. 288—298; Ekman P. №esen W. V. Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception // Psy dBatry. 1969. Vol. 32. P. 88—105.

¹⁸ Feldman ft. S., Jenkins L, Popoola O. Detection of Decep Sort in Adults and Children via Facial Expressions // Child Deve Inpment. 1979. Vol. 50. P. 350—355. (Quote from p. 351.)

¹⁰ Morency N. L, Krauss ft. M. Children's Nonverbal Encodinc and Decoding of Affect. In: Feldman ft. S. Development of Non nerbal Behavior in Children. P. 181—200.

²³ Shennum W. A., Bugental D. B. The Development of Contro «нет Affective Expression // Ibid. P. 101—121.

²¹ Эта цитата из исследования: Vasek M. £ Lying: The Development of Children's Understanding of Deception. Master's tresis. Clark University. Worcester. Mass., 1984.

³² Обсуждение роли игр в развитии навыков лжи см. в Sacks H. Everyone Has to Lie // Sociocultural Dimensions of Lan­guage Use/Ed. Sanches M., Blount B. G. N. Y.: Academic Press 1S75. P. 57—79.

²³ de Villiers J. G., de Villiers P. A. Language Acquisition. Cam-firidge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977; ShatzM., Gelmar R. The Development of Communication Skills: Modification in th€ Speech of Young Children as a Function of the Listener // Mono­graphs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1973 TfcL 38. P. 1—38. См. обсуждение этих вопросов: Vasek M, E.

³⁴ Ekman P., Roper G., Hager J. С Deliberate Facial Move­ ment// Child Development. 1980. Vol. 51. P. 886—891.

³⁵ Hoyf M. F. Secrets in Psychotherapy: Theoretical and Practi­ cal Considerations // International Review of Psychoanalysis 1978. Vol. 5. Part. 2. P. 223—241.

26

Ibid.

²⁷ Turiel £ The Development of Social Concepts // Moral Deve­ lopment/Ed. DePalma D., Foley J. Hillsdale, N. Y.: Lawrence Erl- baum, 1975. Cited by Damon.

²⁸ Об этом высказывании Анны Фрейд мне напомнила очень интересная книга: Coles R. The Moral Life of Children. N. Y.: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986. Это высказывание появи­ лось: Freud A. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. N. Y.: International University Press, 1936.

²⁹ Краткое изложение см.: Kohlberg L. Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach // Moral Development and Behavior/ Ed. Lickona T. P. 31—53.

³⁰ См. прим. 15 к данной главе.

³¹ Turiel £ The Development of Social Concepts. P. 155, '

³² См. критический обзор в: Rest J. R. Morality // The Hand­ book of Child Psychology / Ed. Mussen P. H. N. Y.: Wiley, 4th ed. Vol. 3, 1983. P. 556—629. Совершенно иной, но очень инте­ ресный анализ социальных суждений детей см. в: Damon W. The Social World of the Child. San Francisco:, Jossey-Bass, 1977.

³³ Blasi A. Bridging Moral Cognition and Oral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature // Psychological Bulletin. 1980. Vol. 88. P. 1—45.

³⁴ Malinowski С I., Smith Ch. P. Moral Reasoning and Moral Conduct: An Investigation Prompted by Kohlberg's Theory //Jourr nal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985. Vol. 49. P. 1016—1027.