3. Which grammatical categories can the adjective have in the English language?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Which syntactical functions can this part of speech have in a sentence

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.6.1. General characteristics of the adverb as a part of speech

№	Part of speech	Meaning	Form	Function
	THE ADVERB	SECONDARY PROPERTY (OF ORGANIC/ INORGANIC ORDER)	DEGREES OF COMPARISON	ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF MANNER ( loudly, fast, quick) ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF INTENSIFICATION ( Degree, measure, quantity very, enough, almost) ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF TIME (PLACE) loudly, fast, quick) ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF REPETITION OR FREQUENCY ( often, seldom, ever, never, sometimes, again) ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE (consequently, ,accordingly therefore)

5.6.2. Adverbial classifications: the main approaches to the problem

There are several criteria the adverbs may be classified on: 1) structure; 2) functional perspective; 3) communicative purpose;

The given criteria define the corresponding classifications.

CLASSIFICATION 1 (structural)

In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple, derived, composite, phrasal and adjective stem conversives.

Simple adverbs are rather few, and nearly all of them display functional semantics, mostly of pronominal character: here, there, now, then, so, quite, why, how, where, when.

The typical adverbial affixes in affixal derivation are, first and foremost, the basic and only productive adverbial suffix -ly (slowly, tiredly, rightly, firstly), and then a couple of others of limited distribution, such as -ways (sideways, crossways), -wise (clockwise), -ward(s) (homewards, seawards, afterwards). The characteristic adverbial prefix is a- (away, ahead, apart, across).

Among the adverbs there are also peculiar composite formations and phrasal formations of prepositional, conjunctional and other types: sometimes, nowhere, anyhow; at least, at most, at last; to and fro; upside down; etc.

A peculiar set of converted notional adverbs is formed by adjective-stem conversives, such as fast, late, hard, high, close, loud, tight, etc.

The peculiar feature of these adverbs consists in the fact that practically all of them have a parallel form in -ly, the two component units of each pair often differentiated in meaning or connotation.

Cf.: to work hard — hardly to work at all; to fall flat into the water — to refuse flatly; to speak loud — to criticise loudly; to fly high over the lake — to raise a highly theoretical question; etc.

CLASSIFICATION2(functional)

According to the functions displayed in the sentence the adverbs are commonly divided into qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial.

Qualitative adverbs are meant to express immediate, inherently non-graded qualities of actions and other qualities. The typical adverbs of this kind are qualitative adverbs in -ly. The function displayed — the modifier of manner.

E. g.:

The little boy was crying bitterly over his broken toy.

The plainly embarrassed Department of Industry confirmed the fact of the controversial deal.

The adverbs interpreted as "quantitative" include words of degree.

The function displayed — the modifier of intensification

These are specific lexical units of semi-functional nature expressing quality measure, or gradational evaluation of qualities. They may be subdivided into several very clearly pronounced sets.

The first set is formed by adverbs of high degree(весьма, чрезвычайно). These adverbs are sometimes classed as "intensifiers": very, quite, entirely, utterly, highly, greatly, perfectly, absolutely, strongly, considerably, pretty, much.

The second set includes adverbs of excessive degree(слишком, чудовищно, страшно) (direct and reverse) also belonging to the broader subclass of intensifiers: too, awfully, tremendously, dreadfully, terrifically.

The third set is made up of adverbs of unexpected degree: surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly(невероятно, удивительно).

The fourth set is formed by adverbs of moderate degree(довольно, сравнительно, в некоторой степени,): fairly, comparatively, relatively, moderately, rather.

The fifth set includes adverbs of low degree(слегка, немного, чуточку): slightly, a little, a bit.

The sixth set is constituted by adverbs of approximate degree (почти): almost, nearly. The seventh set includes adverbs of optimal degree (достаточно): enough, sufficiently, adequately.

The eighth set is formed by adverbs of inadequate degree (недостаточно): insufficiently, intolerably, unbearably, ridiculously.

Circumstantial adverbs include adverbs of time, place, cause, consequence (and the modifiers as functions correspondingly)

CLASSIFICATION 3 (communicative purpose)

From the point of their communicative purpose the adverbs are divided into interrogative (where, when, why, how); conjunctive and relative.