- •Lecture 5 topic: the adjective. The adverb. Points for discussion:
- •What does the Adjective denote as part of speech?
- •What may prove the semantically bound character of the adjective?
- •Is the adjective always dependent on the nouns?
- •Which grammatical categories can the adjective have in the English language?
- •Which syntactical functions can this part of speech have in a sentence
- •4.1.1. General characteristics of the adjective as a part of speech
- •4.1.2. Adjectival classifications: the main approaches to the problem.
- •Some points to clarify:
- •Where lies the fallacy of semantical classifications 2 and 3?
- •Where lies the fallacy of structural classifications?
- •What principals are the adjectival classifications based on?
- •4.2. The problem of the degree of comparison. The syntactical and analytical forms. The problems of the category.
- •The main forms of the degrees of comparison
- •Some points to clarify:
- •Do syntactical and analytical forms of the degrees of comparison correspond to each other?
- •How many degrees of comparison are distinguished?
- •Which principals are the models of comparison based on?
- •Some points to clarify:
- •5.3. Statives as grammatical notion. The problem of statives.
- •5.4. The main adjectival oppositions.
- •What does the Adverb denote as part of speech?
- •Is the adjective always dependent on the verbs?
- •Which grammatical categories can the adjective have in the English language?
- •Which syntactical functions can this part of speech have in a sentence
- •5.6.1. General characteristics of the adverb as a part of speech
- •5.6.2. Adverbial classifications: the main approaches to the problem
Some points to clarify:
14.What makes us see the positive degree as the basic form of degree of comparison ?
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15. Why more (the most) + adjectives should be seen as the analytical forms of the degree of comparison but not as free combinations?
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5.3. Statives as grammatical notion. The problem of statives.
The notion “statives” can be defined in several ways:
1)Statives are seen as all the words denoting the category of state, either they contain prefix-a or not. As a result words of such a class will include adjectives, nouns and adverbs denoting the category of state.
2) Statives are seen as a separate part of speech which a) denote the category of state;
b) have morphological index (prefix-a); c) are use as predicative in a sentence(e.g., alive, asleep. awake, afraid, etc). B. S. Khaimovich and B. I. Rogovskaya.
3) Statives are seen as one of the adjectival subclasses known as the "predicative adjectives" since their most typical position in the sentence is that of a predicative and they are but occasionally used as pre-positional attributes to nouns.
Grounds for seeing statives as separate parts of speech
GROUNDS |
ARGUMENTS PRO |
ARGUMENTS CONTRA |
GROUND 1 |
This set of words is built up by adding the same morphological index: the prefix –a (afraid, ablaze, asleep, alive, awake) |
It is not easy sometimes to subtract prefix from the root (afraid, awry, aslant) |
GROUND 2 |
Statives are to denote the states, not qualities as the adjectives do. The main meaning types conveyed by statives are: a) the psychic state of a person (afraid, ashamed, aware); b) the physical state of a person (astir, afoot); c) the physical state of an object (afire, ablaze, aglow); d) the state of an object in space (askew, awry, aslant). |
The common adjectives taken in the adjective-type functions can express the same, properties (or "qualities" in a broader sense) as are expressed by statives.
Cf : the living predecessor — the predecessor alive; eager curiosity — curiosity agog; the burning house — the house afire; a floating raft — a raft afloat; a half-open door — a door adjar; slanting ropes — ropes aslant; a vigilant man — a man awake; similar cases — cases alike; an excited crowd — a crowd astir. |
GROUND 3 |
Statives are used in the function of the predicative. They are even called "adlinks" (by some authors) because of the virtue of their connection with link-verbs and on the analogy of the term "adverbs".
Also the statives- are not used in the pre-positional attributive function, i.e. are characterised by the absence of the right-hand combinability with nouns.
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The common adjectives may be also used as predicative, especially those that denote some psychic state (despondent, curious, happy, joyful) or physical state (sound, refreshed, healthy, hungry) or activity state (busy, functioning, active, employed etc)
The common adjectives, can be also distinguished by the left-hand categorial combinability both with nouns and link-verbs. Cf.: The household was all astir.——The household was all excited — It was strange to see (the household active at this hour of the day.— It was strange to see the household active at this hour of the day. l |
GROUND 4 |
The statives don’t have category of the degrees of comparison.
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However the statives may express some elative meaning analytically: e.g. Of us all, Jack was the one most aware of the delicate situation in which we found ourselves. I saw that the adjusting lever stood far more askew than was allowed by the directions.
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CONCLUSION 1:
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CONCLUSION2:
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CONCLUSION3:
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CONCLUSION4:
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THE TOTAL CONCLUSION:
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