- •Часть I
- •Пояснительная записка
- •Content
- •Section I The Study of Chemistry
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words:
- •6. Ask the questions according to the model:
- •7. Open the brackets choosing the correct form of the verb:
- •8. Read the text and learn how to read chemical formulas. Symbols, formulas and equations
- •9. How to read chemical formulas.
- •15. Read and translate the text
- •Inorganic molecules and compounds
- •16. Find the pairs of the words with the opposite meaning:
- •17. Match the words and word-combinations in a with their Russian equivalents in b
- •18. Form the antonyms with the help of the prefixes “de-“, “in-“, “dis-“, “un-“, “im-“, “ex-“:
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •2. Define the parts of speech and translate them without a dictionary.
- •3. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the verb “to be” in the correct form:
- •5. Form the words with the preffix “self” and translate them.
- •6. Translate into Russian:
- •7. Use much, many.
- •8. Use (a) few, (a) little.
- •9. Complete the following sentences according to the models.
- •10. Fill in the blanks with modals:
- •11. Read and translate the text laboratory
- •12. Find the pairs of synonyms in the list and remember them:
- •13. Find the pairs of antonyms in the list and remember them:
- •14. Fill the blanks with the words given below:
- •15. Find the answers to the questions in the opposite :
- •16. Read the commentaries to the lab experiment and then comment the formulas below. Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
- •Laboratory Preparation of Nitric Acid
- •Laboratory Preparation of Hydrochloric Acid
- •17. Answer the questions:
- •18. Read and catch the idea of the dialogue. Describe any lab where your practice takes place.
- •19. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of the verb "to have":
- •20. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of the verb "to be":
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •2. Define the parts of speech and translate them without a dictionary:
- •3. Make sure whether you read these words correctly:
- •4. Complete the sentences using Future Simple Tense.
- •5. Express surprise.
- •6. Put the questions to the underlined words:
- •7. Mind the note and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •8. Translate into Russian:
- •9. What would you advise? Complete the phrases. Practise should better or should.
- •10. Read the text and tell about the tools you really use and measurements you carry out during your laboratory classes. Tools and measurements in chemistry
- •11. Open the brackets choosing the suitable word. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •The metric system
- •18. It’s interesting to learn some non-metric units of weights and measures. Weights and measures
- •Some Simple Conversions
- •19. Read correctly. Mind all signs and figures. Occurrence of Oxygen
- •20. Translate the text in written form, mind Modals:
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •2. Pay attention to the reading of the following words:
- •3. Read the following words and define the parts of speech. Mind the stress:
- •4. Ask the questions according to the model:
- •5. Complete the following sentences according to the model. Use the Past Indefinite Tense:
- •6. Open the brackets choosing the correct form of the verb:
- •7. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •8. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •9. Read and translate the text chemistry
- •10. Answer the questions:
- •11. Retell the text according to the following plan:
- •12. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •13. Translate the words in the brackets into English:
- •14. Read the text and try to understand it without a dictionary. Some Facts about Chemistry
- •15. Read and translate the text. Be ready to tell about those fields you are studying this term or still going to. Fields of chemistry
- •16. Match the words and word-combinations in a with their Russian equivalents in b
- •17. Read the information about several cross-disciplinary and more specialized branches without a dictionary and decide what field of chemistry it is about.
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •2. Read the following words and define the parts of speech. Mind
- •3. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •4. Study the following chart. Mind the meaning of these prepositions when translating the sentences given below:
- •5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “order”:
- •6. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct forms:
- •7. Read the text and guess:
- •8. Read and translate the text chemistry as a profession and as an aid to other professions
- •9. Find the pairs of antonyms in the list and remember them:
- •10. Give the letter of the meaning that fits the underlined words.
- •11. Agree or disagree. Correct the phrases you do not fully agree with.
- •12. For each numbered beginning give the letter of the ending that completes the meaning of the sentence according to the text.
- •13. Before reading the following text make sure whether you can translate these phrases:
- •14. Read and understand the text. Answer the questions in the text. Choosing a profession
- •16. Now you can tell about your own reasons for choosing chemistry as a profession.
- •17. Fill the gap with the appropriate word or phrase:
- •Section II Elements and Compounds
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •3. Read the following words and define the parts of speech without a dictionary:
- •4. Translate into Russian:
- •5. Form the Participles from the following verbs:
- •6. Translate the following word-combinations into Russian:
- •7. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •8. Translate into Russian:
- •9. Read the text. While translating pay special attention to the Participles. Elements
- •10. Read about hydrogen and characterize this element briefly. Hydrogen
- •11. Analyze the "ing"-forms and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •12. Open the brackets choosing the correct form of the Participles:
- •13. Fill in the gaps with the verbs given below. Transform them into the appropriate form.
- •14. Read and translate the text. Write out the words which possibly could help you to characterize any other gas. Chlorine
- •15. Answer the questions:
- •16. Find the pairs of antonyms:
- •17. Read and translate. Nitrogen
- •18. Characterize any gas you know according to the plan:
- •19. Read these short texts and guess what substances they are about:
- •20. Now you can speak about most elements of the Periodic Table. Characterize any substance you want except for those ones described above.
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •2. Define the parts of speech and translate:
- •3. Find the pairs of antonyms:
- •4. Find the pairs of synonyms:
- •5. Form the Present Perfect forms of the following verbs:
- •6. Choose the sentences in the Perfect Tenses and translate them.
- •7. Open the brackets. Mind the correct word order of these adverbs.
- •8. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •9. Ask whether these things have already done.
- •10. Make the questions to the underlined words.
- •11. Warming-up:
- •12. Now read the general information about rare metals and add or correct your answers. Rare metals
- •13. Read and translate the text. Lithium
- •14. Choose the correct form in the brackets:
- •15. Put in the right tense: Past Simple, Present Perfect or Past Perfect.
- •16. Match the metals in a with the group they belong to in b. Make sentences using the phrases to class(with), to belong to, to be defined as, to be considered.
- •17. Consult a dictionary to make sure you read and understand the following words correctly:
- •18. Read and translate the text. Write out all the words concerning the properties and characteristics of this metal. Aluminium
- •19. Characterize aluminium using your words and word-combinations written out.
- •20. Complete the sentences. Choose the answer a, b, or c which you think fits best. Conductivity
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •2. Define the parts of speech and translate:
- •3. Find the pairs of synonyms.
- •4. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to "the more... The better"
- •5. Use the Passive Voice according to the model:
- •6. Find the sentences in which the word with the ending "-ed" is a part of the Passive Voice. Define the Tense and translate into Russian.
- •7. While translating these sentences pay special attention to the prepositions.
- •8. Read and translate. Mixtures and Compounds
- •9. Define the functions of the Participles. Translate the sentences
- •10. Translate into Russian The Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen
- •11. Practice the following dialogue.
- •12. Point out the verbs in the Passive Voice, state their form.
- •13. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to "either... Or"
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •2. Read and translate correctly:
- •3. Find the pairs of synonyms.
- •4. Read correctly and translate the name of the elements and substances given in the picture.
- •6. Answer the questions. Pay attention to the Passive Voice.
- •7. Make up sentences with new words and expressions. Pay attention to prepositions.
- •8. Describe the picture. Begin with the phrase « As it is shown in the picture ...» or « As I've learnt from the picture...»
- •9. Read and understand this text. Answer the questions below. Air Pollution
- •10. Answer the following questions:
- •11. Find in the text the English equvalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •12. Retell the text, using the phrases like “it is stated”, “it is known”, “it has been found out that” and so on.
- •13. Read about ordinary water and transform the word given in bold at the end of each line into a suitable form that fits the space in the same line.
- •1. Translate and memorize the following words.
- •2. Make sure whether you read these words correctly:
- •3. Read and translate correctly:
- •4. Form the adverbs from the following adjectives and translate them into Russian:
- •5. Give the passive form of the following Infinitives:
- •6. Translate the sentences in Russian. Pay special attention to the Active and Passive Infinitives.
- •7. Don’t confuse these words with each other. Memorize the following words, translate the sentences:
- •8. Read and understand this text without the dictionary. Answer the questions below.
- •9. Open the brackets translating the Russian words into English:
- •10. Explain the difference between:
- •11. Find the sentences where the word "hard" is translated as "упорно", "настойчиво":
- •12. Translate the text using a dictionary:
- •13. Read about ordinary water and transform the word given in bold at the end of each line into a suitable form that fits the space in the same line.
- •2. Make sure whether you read these words correctly:
- •3. Read and translate the following word combinations:
- •4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Constructions as in the models:
- •5. Combine the sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Construction as in the model:
- •6. Compare the following pairs of sentences, translate them into Russian:
- •7. Read and translate the text mercury in the environment
- •Properties of Mercury
- •9. Retell the text according to the following plan:
- •10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold:
- •11. Choose the Russian equivalents from the right column:
- •12. Explain the meaning of the verb "to do" in the following sentences:
- •13. Translate the following constructions into Russian:
- •14. State the functions of the Infinitives and translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •15. Analyze the "ing"-forms and translate the sentences into Russian:
- •16. Read about ordinary water and transform the word given in bold at the end of each line into a suitable form that fits the space in the same line.
- •17. Translate the text without a dictionary.
- •18. Match the definitions in b with the notions in a:
- •Список наиболее распространенных химических элементов.
- •Библиография
- •Английский язык
- •Часть I Подписано в печать Тираж зкз.
- •625003, Тюмень, Семакова, 10.
- •Часть I
8. Read and understand this text without the dictionary. Answer the questions below.
MAN-MADE ELEMENTS
Man at last understood the elements well enough to make his own.
First there were some elements still missing from the Periodic Table. The fact was they were practically missing from nature, too.
Scientists had to make these elements themselves. To make such elements meant first of all to carry on great experimental work. Many scientists worked hard at this problem. In 1919 Ernest Rutherford was the first to change nitrogen to oxygen by bombarding nitrogen atoms with alpha-particles.
To alter an element artificially is to add or subtract particles in its nucleus. The first completely new man-made isotope was created by Rutherford's method, its creators being Irene Curie and her husband Frederic Joliot. To do that they had to bombard aluminium with alpha-particles. This attack transformed some of the aluminium atoms into a highly radioactive substance. This substance was a new kind of phosphorus, its atomic weight being 30, instead of natural phosphorus 31.
It was no wonder that phosphorus 30 did not occur in nature, its half-life being only two and a half minutes. Thus the Joliot-Curies were the first to produce "artificial radioactivity".
The era of artificial transmutation began with the building of the first "atom-smasher", i.e. the cyclotron. By means of cyclotron and energetic particle-accelerators developed later it became possible to open up the nucleus of any atom. It became possible to add particles to it, and even to create new ones.
The first element produced in this way was the missing number 43, it being named "technetium" meaning "artificial". The aim of the scientists was to discover other elements.
In 1939 a new element was found. It behaved like an alkali-metal, therefore it was to be 87 the missing number of the alkali-metal family. It was called "francium". It was detected in nature. Later that element was produced artificially by an accelerator, and only then did chemists obtain enough of it. For that reason francium is to be considered as a man-made element.
Later scientists discovered traces of an element in neutron-bombarded uranium. They called it "neptunium". Radioactive neptunium gave rise to another element – number 94.
In 1955 chemists could produce a few atoms of element 101, which was named "mendelevium" in honour of D. I. Mendeleyev. The isolation of element number 102 occurred in 1963, it being named "nobelium", as part of the work was done at the Nobel Institute in Stockholm.
The next element to be produced was 103, it was named "lawrencium" for E. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron.
Then the task was to discover the next element. It was 104. It was named "kurchatovium" in honour of the great Soviet scientist I. V. Kurchatov, who worked in the field of nuclear physics. He conducted a great deal of research in the field of nuclear physics.
The scientists of the whole world continue their research in the field of artificial elements.
Notes on the Text:
first of all – прежде всего
energetic particle-accelerators – ускорители высоких энергий
smash – биться, разбиваться.
1. Why did it become possible to make elements artificially? 2. What problem did many scientists work at? 3. What does it mean to alter an element artificially? 4. What element was produced by Irene Curie and Frederic Joliot? 5. How did they get this element? 6. What is cyclotron used for? 7. What element was produced by means of cyclotron? 8. What element was found in 1955? 9. Why was element number 104 named "kurchatovium"? 10. How many elements in the Periodic Table are known now?