- •Оглавление
- •Введение
- •Unit 1 service industry
- •Assignments
- •St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics
- •Words and expressions
- •Service industry
- •Words and expressions
- •Which are personal qualities required for working in the service industry?
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •The Sights
- •Cathedrals, Churches and Monasteries
- •Bridges
- •Theatres
- •Festivals
- •The suburbs
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Indefinite pronouns some / any and their derivatives
- •Things to do
- •Unit 3 higher education in the uk
- •Assignments
- •Types of English universities
- •Entrance to British universities
- •The university system in Britain
- •Variety of other British higher institutions
- •Words and expressions
- •1. At an International Conference.
- •2. A Television Interview.
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 4 higher education in the usa
- •Assignments
- •Categories of institution in the usa
- •Involvement in learning
- •Changes in American higher education
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 5 political system in the uk
- •Words and expressions
- •Political system of the usa
- •The us Constitution
- •The Legislative Branch
- •The Executive Branch
- •The Judicial Branch
- •Major Political Parties
- •Elections
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Travelling by air
- •Words and expressions
- •Travelling by train
- •Britain Rail’s Services
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 7 at the customs
- •Assignments
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 8 meals
- •Meals and Mealtimes in Britain
- •Sunday Roast
- •Eating out in London
- •Restaurants
- •International and fusion cuisine
- •Fast food
- •Ordering food
- •Grammar exercises
- •2. Be a host and a guest in turns.
- •3. Project Work:
- •Unit 9 accommodation
- •How to book
- •Classification
- •Yha Hostels
- •Independent Hostels
- •University Accommodation
- •Bed and Breakfast
- •Guesthouses
- •Rental Accommodation
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 10 london
- •Assignments
- •Buckingham Palace
- •Houses of Parliament
- •Westminster Abbey
- •St. Paul’s Cathedral
- •Trafalgar Square
- •Nelson`s Column
- •The Tower of London
- •Piccadilly Circus
- •Shakespeare`s Globe Theatre
- •Covent Garden
- •Downing Street
- •The Charles Dickens Museum
- •Neasden Temple
- •Royal parks
- •British Library
- •Changing the Guard
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Indirect Speech
- •Order tell ask beg suggest
- •Things to do
- •Unit 11 shopping
- •Shopping in London
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Marks & Spencer Britain's Favourite Store
- •How did it all begin?
- •What are the best-sellers?
- •Why is m&s so successful?
- •I’m not a shopaholic!
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •The media
- •National and local newspapers in the usa
- •Radio and television in the usa
- •The press in the uk
- •Television and Radio in the uk
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Machine Dreams
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Infinitive
- •Things to do
- •Grammar reference present forms Present Simple
- •State verbs
- •Present Perfect
- •Past forms The past forms of be
- •Past Simple
- •Future forms
- •The Present Continuous
- •The Present Simple
- •The Future Perfect
- •Articles
- •Adjectives
- •Pronouns
- •A little/Little
- •Modal verbs
- •Passive voice
- •Personal / Impersonal passive constructions
- •Reported speech
- •1 Change of tenses
- •2 Verbs and conjunctions used for reporting
- •3 Word order in reported questions
- •Conditionals
- •Infinitive – gerund – participles The Infinitive
- •The Participles
- •Suffixes Common suffixes for nouns
- •Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
- •Bibliography
- •Заключение
- •191015, Г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кавалергардская, д. 7
2 Verbs and conjunctions used for reporting
a In statements, say and tell are the most common reporting verbs.
He said it was true. Not: He told it was true.
He said it was true. Not: He said me it was true.
He said to me (that) it was true. Not: He told tome (that) it wan true.
These verbs can be followed by that, but it is not necessary.
b In questions, ask and want to know are common reporting verbs.
c In Yes/ No questions the verb is joined to the reported words with if or
whether.
-
She asked/wanted to know
if
whether
it was true (or not).
d In Wh- questions, we do not need if or whether.
‘What do you think?' → He asked me what I thought.
3 Word order in reported questions
The word order in reported questions is the same as in normal statements.
‘Can you come early?’→ She asked if I could come early.
‘Did you see anything suspicious?’ → The police officer wanted to
know if we had seen anything suspicious.
Conditionals
Conditionals are clauses introduced with if. There are three types of conditional clauses: Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. There is also another common type, Type 0.
|
If-clause |
Main clause |
Type 0 |
if + present simple |
present simple |
|
If the temperature falls below 0° |
water turns into ice. |
Type 1 |
if + present simple |
will + infinitive |
|
If he doesn’t pay the fine, |
he will go to prison. |
Type 2 |
if + past simple |
would + infinitive |
|
If he were here, |
he would know what to do. |
Type 3 |
if + past perfect |
would + have + infinitive |
|
If she had studied harder, |
she would have passed the exam. |
Type 0 Conditionals
They are used to express something which is always true. We can use when (=whenever) instead of if.
If/When the sun shines, snow melts.
Type 1 Conditionals
They are used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future.
If he doesn’t study hard, he won’t pass his exam.
Type 2 Conditionals
They are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future.
If I got up earlier, I would not be late for classes.
Type 3 conditionals
They are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to the facts in the past. They are also used to express regrets and criticism.
If John hadn’t got up late, he wouldn’t have missed the train.