1. Для обозначения законченного действия, происшедшего в прошедшем времени, результат которого очевиден в настоящем.

Показатели:

just

already

yet

Примеры:

Someone has broken the window. (RESULT NOW: it is still broken, and needs to be mended)

The taxi has arrived. (RESULT NOW: someone needs to go and get into the taxi)

Jane’s hurt her hand, so she can’t write. (RESULT NOW: Jane can’t write)

Jane’s just left, but you might catch her in the car park.

2. Для обозначения действия, начавшегося в прошлом, но продолжающегося до настоящего момента

Показатели:

since

for

Сравните предложения:

present perfect: I have lived in Chicago for many years. (=I still live there now)

simple past: I lived in Chicago for many years. (="now" I live somewhere else)

present perfect: Jim has worked for us since 1992. (="he" still works for us now)

simple past: Jim worked for us from 1992 to 1996. (="he" does not work for us any more)

3. Для обозначения законченного действия, происшедшего в прошедшем времени, но не важно, когда именно

Показатели:

ever

never

Примеры:

She has had several jobs abroad.

There have been problems with this system in the past.

Have you ever visited Scotland?

I’ve never been in a plane before.

Если указывается, когда происходило действие, необходимо использовать the simple past, а не the present perfect.

Примеры:

I spoke to him yesterday. NOT I have spoken to him yesterday.

They arrived in the US last week. NOT They have arrived in the US last week.

THE PAST PERFECT (Прошедшее совершенное время)

Had+V3

Употребляется, когда необходимо указать, что одно действие произошло раньше другого.

Показатели:

before

after

when

Примеры:

After the visitors had left, we watched TV.

They told me that the taxi had already arrived

THE FUTURE PERFECT (Будущее совершенное время)

Will have + V3

Обозначает действие, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем:

He’ll have written the book by next month.

Perfect tenses

Тренировочные упражнения

Выберите правильный вариант ответа

1. A passenger plane ____ into the ocean.

1) crashing 2) has crashed 3) 've crashed 4) was crashing

2. Who is that old gentleman? I ____ him before.

1) never saw 3) have never seen

2) never see 4) had never seen

3. My boyfriend was ill before Christmas, but he ____ fine since then.

1) has been 2) was 3) is 4) had been

4. Mr Winthrop was sorry that he ____ rude to Mary.

1) was 2) had been 3) has been 4) is

5. They are sure they ____ decorating the flat by tomorrow evening.

1) would finish 3) have finished

2) are finishing 4) will have finished

6. My car ____ 50.000 miles.

1) has already done 3) have already done

2) is done 4) has been done

7. Jorge ____to school.

1) has already walked 3) would already walk

2) already walk 4) already walks

8. John lives here. He ____ in the same house since 1962.

1) lives 2) is living 3) has lived 4) lived

9. ____ eaten snails?

1) Did you ever 3) Have you ever

2) Do you 4) I have never

10. We arrived at the cinema late. The film ____.

1) had already begun 3) is beginning

2) already began 4) has already begun