PTO_uchebnoe_posobie
.pdfɌɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.5. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȽɊɊ ɢ ɊɊ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨ |
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Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
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ɤɪɚɧɚɦ |
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ȽɈɋɌ 25835-82 |
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Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ |
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1Ɇ-3Ɇ |
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ȽɈɋɌ 25546-82 |
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ |
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ |
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. 6. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɟɠɢ- |
ɋɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ h, ɝɨɞ |
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ȼɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɍ, ɬɵɫ. ɱ |
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ɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
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ɉɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ |
Ɂɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ |
ȼɚɥɨɜ |
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ɉɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ |
Ɂɭɛɱɚɬɵɯ |
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ɤɚɱɟɧɢɹ |
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ |
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ɤɚɱɟɧɢɹ |
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1Ɇ-3Ɇ |
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4Ɇ |
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6Ɇ |
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4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ:
• ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ;
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•ɧɚ ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɡɚ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ;
•ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ (ɩɪɨɝɢɛɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ);
•ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ;
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ȽɉɆ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ:
•ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ (ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ȽɉɆ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɟɺ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ), ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ;
•ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɦ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɧɚɟɡɞ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ;
•ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ
F = p A,
ɝɞɟ p – ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ȽɆɉ ɜɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ, ɉɚ; A – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ȽɆɉ, ɦ2,
p = q k c n,
ɝɞɟ q – ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ≤ 10ɦ, ɉɚ (q=450ɉɚ);
k – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ; c – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ (ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 1451-77 ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 2,0, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫ = 1,0); n – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ (n = 1 ɢɥɢ 1,1);
•ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɹ (103 ɉɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ – ɫɧɟɝɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɨɛɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ 1-1,2 ɫɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ 0,9 ɤɝ/ɞɦ3);
•ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ
(3000ɇ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ
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ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ; 1300ɇ – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɥɚ; 1200ɇ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ);
•ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ȽɉɆ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɧɬɚɠ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ;
•ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ȽɉɆ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ;
•ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ȽɉɆ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɧɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
1)ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ;
2)ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɨɤ;
3)ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ȽɉɆ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦɢɡɚɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤɫɥɭɠɛɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ȽɉɆ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ȽɉɆ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ I – ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ȽɉɆ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ,
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ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ II – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɡɤɢɯ ɩɭɫɤɚɯ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɭɤɫɨɜɤɟ ɯɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɨɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ȽɉɆ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ III – ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ȽɉɆ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɫ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ȽɉɆ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɧɟɝɨɦ, ɨɛɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ȽɆɉ.
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Qi – ɝɪɭɡ; |
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1,0 |
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Qmax – ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦ- |
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ɧɨɫɬɶ; |
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ti – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ; |
0,095 |
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0,005 |
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Ɋɢɫ.1.8. Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ȽɉɆ |
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0,4 |
0,7 |
1,0 ti /T |
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Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɜɢɞɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ȽɉɆ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.8).
5. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ȽɉɆ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
Np ≤ [N]; σp ≤ [σ]; n ≥ [n],
ɝɞɟ Np – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ.
(Np = Nɧ) – ɫɢɥɚ, ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɢɡɧɨɫ, ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɢ ɞɪ.);
σ p – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ;
n – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.;
[N], [σ], [n] – ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ
σp = NH / A ≤ [σ]; [σ] = σ0 / [n],
ɝɞɟ Ⱥ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ (ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.);
σ0 – ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ (ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ;
[n] = 1,3… 1,8 ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɵ.
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Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ), ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ
(Np)max ≤ Ɏmin ,
ɝɞɟ (Np)max – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ (ɫɢɥɚ, ɦɨɦɟɧɬ);
Ɏmin – ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ;
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Np = Nɧ ɤɩ, |
ɝɞɟ Nɧ – ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ; ɤɩ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ (1,07…1,1). |
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σp = NH ɤɩ / A ≤ m Rp; Rp = Rɧ / km, |
ɝɞɟ Ⱥ |
– ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ; m – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
(m = 0,5…1,0); |
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– ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; Rɧ – ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟ- |
ɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ); km = 1,05…1,1 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ȽɉɆ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
FE = KH E Fmax ,
ɝɞɟ KHE - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɫɭɦɦɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ.
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ɑȺɋɌɖ 2. ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ȽɊɍɁɈɉɈȾɔȬɆɇɕȿ ɍɋɌɊɈɃɋɌȼȺ
2.1. Ƚɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɬɹɝɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ
2.1.1.Ƚɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ȽɉɆ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɭ-
ɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ – ɤɪɸɤɢ, ɩɟɬɥɢ (ɫɤɨɛɵ), ɝɪɟɣɮɟɪɵ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɵ, ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɪ., ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ȽɉɆ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɴɟɦɧɵɟ (ɧɚɜɟɫɧɵɟ) ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ – ɫɬɪɨɩɵ, ɷɤɫɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɤɥɟɳɟɜɵɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ, ɛɚɞɶɢ, ɬɚɪɭ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ʉɪɸɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɬɥɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɪɸɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɬɥɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɝɪɭɡ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɩɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɪɸɤɢ (ɪɢɫ.2.1) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɝɢɟ ɢ ɞɜɭɪɨɝɢɟ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɪɸɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ: ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ – ɨɞɧɨɪɨɝɢɟ ɤɪɸɤɢ ɩɨ ȽɋɌ 6627-74 (26 ɬɢɩɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɶɸ 0,4…100 ɬ); ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ - ɞɜɭɪɨɝɢɟ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 662873 (14 ɬɢɩɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɶɸ 5…100 ɬ).
ɉɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ. Ʉɪɸɤɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɜɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ
ɫɬɚɥɢ 20 ɢɥɢ 20 Ƚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɜɤɢ ɤɪɸɤɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɬ.ɤ. ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɪɭɩɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɡɥɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɤɪɸɤɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ ȺȺ ɢ ȻȻ.
ɒɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɸɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɜɚɧɵɟ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ.
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ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɪɸɤ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10 ɦɢɧ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1,2 5 Q ɇ. ȽɈɋɌ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɤɪɸɤɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦ (ɬɢɩ Ⱥ0 ɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ (ɬɢɩ Ȼ) ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɢɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ ɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.1. Ƚɪɭɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɪɸɤɢ: ɚ, ɛ - ɤɨɜɚɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɲɬɚɦɩ ɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ; ɜ, ɝ - ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ; ɞ - ɤɪɸɤ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɦɤɨɦ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɝɨɝɨ ɤɪɸɤɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɶɸ 20 ɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ 1…4 ɝɪɭɩɩ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɜɨɫɬɨɜɢɤɨɦ – ɤɪɸɤ ʋ 19, ɬɢɩ Ȼ ȽɈɋɌ 6627-74.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɸɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɪɸɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɪɸɤɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɤɚɤ ɛɪɭɫɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɤɪɸɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ Ȼ-Ȼ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɜɟɫɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ Gɝɪ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɡɟɜɚ ɤɪɸɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ɋɟɱɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ- Ⱥ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɫɪɟɡ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɩɚɯ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ Į = 450.
Ʉɪɸɤɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɛɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸ ɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɡɵ, ɧɚɜɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɫɤɨɛ, ɬɹɝ ɢ ɩɪ.), ɞɨɥ ɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɨɛɚɦɢ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 12840-80.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȽɈɋɌ 12.2.090-83.
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Ⱦɥɹ ȽɉɆ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ ȽɈɋɌ 6619-75 ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ 14 ɬɢɩɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɞɜɭɪɨɝɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬ ɵɯ ɤɪɸɤɨɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɶɸ 40…320 ɬ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ 20 ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ 16Ɇɋ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɟɩɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɪɸɤɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɟɟ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɸɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɤɨɜ ɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2, ɚ) ɢ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.2, ɛ) ɩɟɬɥɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɡ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɬɥɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɧ ɶɲɢɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɸɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɟɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ. ȼ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɢɡɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɢ, ɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɟɜ ɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɩ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɩɟɬɥɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɭ ɤɪɸɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɟɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɤɨɜɚɧɵɟ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬ ɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɠɟɫɬɤɭɸ ɪɚɦɭ (ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ), ɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɬɥɢ – ɤɚɤ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɹɝɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɢɧɭ – ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɞɜɭɯɨɩɨɪɧɭɸ ɛɚɥɤɭ. ɒɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɨɫɟɣ.
ɚɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. ɉɟɬɥɢ (ɫɤɨɛɵ) ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɟ: ɚ – ɤɨɜɚɧɵɟ; ɛ – ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɟ Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɜɹɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɤɪɸɤɭ ȽɉɆ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɬɪɨɩɨɜ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ
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ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ. ɋɬɪɨɩɵ ɢɡ ɩɟɧɶɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɯɥɨɩɱɚɬɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,5 ɬ.
ɋɬɪɨɩɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɡɵ ɛɟɡ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɬɟɥɶ: ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɵɟ ɪɟɛɪɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɩɵ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɥɨɦɚ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɟ.
Ɂɚɠɢɦɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɩɨɜɤɭ (ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɩɨɜɤɭ) ɲɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɠɢɦɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɳɟɜɵɟ, ɷɤɫɰɟɧɬɪɢɤɨɜɵɟ, ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɵɟ. ɗɬɢ Ƚɍ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.3. Ʉɥɟɳɟɜɵɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ Ʉɥɟɳɟɜɵɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɩɪɢ
ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɲɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ. Ʉɥɟɳɟɜɵɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2.3) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɵɱɚɠɧɭɸ
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