PTO_uchebnoe_posobie

2.11. ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ. ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ.

ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɡɵ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɚɷɪɨɫɦɟɫɶ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ: ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɡɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.

ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨ 400 ɬ/ɱ), ɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɞɨ 2 ɤɦ) ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɞɨ 100 ɦ).

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ.3.20, ɚ). ȼɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ 6 ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɩɥɨ 1 ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ 2. ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ 3 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɦɟɥɤɭɸ ɩɵɥɶ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ 5. Ɉɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ. ɒɥɸɡɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɵ 4 ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɡ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ.

ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ

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0,07 Ɇɉɚ), ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɫɵɩɭɱɢɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ — ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɝɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ.

ɇɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ (ɪɢɫ. 3.20, ɛ). ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ 7 ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ 8 ɫɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɥɚɝɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ 9 ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ 2. ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ 10 ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɝɪɭɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ 3, ɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ 5 ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ. ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɬ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 0,6 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɩɵɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.

ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɪɢɫ.3.20, ɜ) ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɪɭɡ ɞɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɞɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɵɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ. ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɡ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɫɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ; ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ (ɫɭɲɤɚ, ɨɬɫɨɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.), ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɤ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ; ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɝɪɭɡɚ; ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

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Ɋɢɫ. 3.20. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ

Ʉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ; ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ ɩɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ; ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ, ɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɥɢɩɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ.

Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ (ɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ) ɫɭɯɢɯ, ɩɵɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɦɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɹ, ɦɭɤɢ, ɩɭɞɪɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɨɛɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɭɤɥɨɧ.

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2.12. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɉɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɡ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɟ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɸ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɭɥɶɩɨɣ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɶɩɵ: ɫɚɦɨɬɟɱɧɚɹ, ɧɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ. ɉɪɢ ɫɚɦɨɬɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɭɥɶɩɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɨɛɚɦ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ (0,02…0,06) ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.21, ɚ) ɩɭɥɶɩɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 3 ɢɡ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ 1 ɢ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 4 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɢɬɨ 6, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɣ ɛɭɧɤɟɪ 7, ɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ 8. ɇɚɫɨɫɨɦ 5 ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 2 ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ 1. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɜɟɪɯ.

ɉɪɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.21, ɛ) ɩɭɥɶɩɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɬɟɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɨɛɭ 9 ɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ 12 ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ 13. ȼ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɥɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 10 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɭɥɶɩɨɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ 11.

ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɫɫɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɫɫɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ (ɜɢɞ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ), ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɩɭɥɶɩɨɣ, ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ.

Ɋɚɫɱɺɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ (ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨ-

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ɫɬɢ), ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1…3 ɦɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 3.21. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɚ— ɧɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ;

ɛ— ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ

3.Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ

3.1. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ

ȼɵɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɭɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡ-

ɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ

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ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ [4]. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɡɨɧɚɦ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɬɹɝɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɪɚɫɫɵ, ɝɪɭɡɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɨɤ, ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɡɥɵ, ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.

Ʉ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɬɹɝɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɬɹɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɬɹɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.

3.2.ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

ȼɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɭɸ (Ɋ), ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ (Ɋɪɚɫɱ) ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ (Ɋɤ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ, ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ Ɋɪɚɫɱ= ɯɊ, ɝɞɟ ɯ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ ɯ = 1.

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ȼɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1,1…1,2, ɱɬɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ.

ȼɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ (ɯ =1,5 ... 2,0), ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ, ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ȡ, ɭɝɨɥ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ ij, ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɟ ȕ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɇɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɡ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɤɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɭɫɤɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 160 ɦɦ), ɤɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ (10...I60 ɦɦ), ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ (0,5...0,6 ɦɦ), ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ (0,05...0,6 ɦɦ) ɢ ɩɵɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,05 ɦɦ).

ɍɝɨɥ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ ij – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɤɭɱɢ ɫɵɩɭɱɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɫɵɩɭɱɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɚ ɭɝɨɥ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɉɨ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɡ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: Ⱥ - ɧɟɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɣ, ȼ - ɦɚɥɨɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɣ, ɋ - ɫɪɟɞɧɟɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɣ, Ⱦ - ɜɵɫɨɤɨɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɣ. Ⱥɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɡ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɥɟɧɬ). ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɩɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɦɟɪɡɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ,

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ɹɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ.

ɉɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɵɩɭɱɟɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:

ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ — QU = 3600A, ɦ3/ɱ; ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ — Qm =3600Avȡ, ɬ/ɱ,

ɝɞɟ A – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɦ3;

v– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɦ/ɫ;

ȡ– ɧɚɫɵɩɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɡɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɲɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɲɬɭɱɧɚɹ (Qz) ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ (Qm):

ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɲɚɝɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ (ɩɨɞɜɟɫɨɤ) ɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢ-

ɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ: 0,01; 0,016; 0,025; 0,040; 0,050; 0,063; 0,100; 0,125; 0,160; 0,200; 0,250; 0,315; 0,400 ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ.

3.3. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɨɜ

ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɚ

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ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɵɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.1, 3.2 ɢ 3.3).

Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɣ (ȼɅ), ɥɟɝɤɢɣ (Ʌ), ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ (ɋ), ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ (Ɍ) ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ (ȼɌ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ȼ), ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɉ), ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ (ɇ) ɢ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɐ) (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4).

Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.3.1.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ-

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɟ. Ʉ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ HI ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ 0,5, ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɇ2 — ɨɬ 0,5 ɞɨ 0,63, ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɇ3 — ɨɬ 0,63 ɞɨ 1. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ: ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ.

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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.2. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.3. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ

Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ (ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ) ɬɹɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɦɭ.

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