The Complete Guide To The TOEFL Test

164 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

8. Like the federal government,

___ (A) taxation provides most of the funds for state and local governments as well

___ (B) state and local governments obtain most of their funds through taxation

___ (C) through taxation is how state and local governments obtain most of their funds

___ (D) funds are provided from taxation for state and local governments

9.Originally settled by Polynesians around 700 A.D., ______

___ (A) Hawaii received its first European visitor in 1778, when Captain James Cook landed

there

___ (B) Hawaii's first European visitor, Captain James Cook, landed there in 1778

___ (C) in 1778 the first European, Captain James Cook, visited Hawaii

___ CD) the first European to visit Hawaii was Captain James Cook, landing there in 1778

___ (A) in 1865 Ezra Cornell established Cornell University

___ (B) Cornell University was established in 1865 by Ezra Cornell

___ (C) it was in 1865 that Cornell University was established by Ezra Cornell

___ (D) Ezra Cornell established Cornell University in 1865

___ (B) Bayou Folk, a book of folklore, was written by Kate Chopin about

___ (C) the subject of Kate Chopin's book Bayou Folk was the folklore of

___ (D) Kate Chopin wrote Bayou Folk, a book about the folklore of

166 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

Choice (A) creates a relative clause, which is not appropriate in this sentence; also, the choice lacks the word than. Choice (B) lacks both a verb and the word than.

(C) incorrectly uses as in place of than.

______ other mammals, whales do not have a sense of smell.

(A)Not alike

(B)Unlike

(C)Unlikely

(D)Dislike

Choice (A) is used only in the pattern "A and B are not alike." (C) and (D) are not used in comparisons; unlikely is an adjective meaning "not probable"; dislike is a verb meaning "not enjoy, not admire."

______ the diameter of a circle, the larger its circumference is.

(A)Greater than

(B)The greater

(C)Great as

(D)As great as

The correct pattern for a proportional statement is the more A ... the more B. Only

choice (B) follows this pattern. ...

Exercise 29

Focus: Completing structure problems involving comparisons. (Note: All the items in this exercise focus on comparisons.)

Directions: Choose the option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentence, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.

1. Sea bass freshwater bass. ~ (A) are larger than

___ (B) the larger the

___ (C) are as large

___ (D) are larger

2.Wild strawberries are ______ as cultivated strawberries.

___ (A) not so sweet

___ (B) not as sweet

___ (C) less sweeter

___ (D) not as sweeter

3.Automobiles, airplanes, and buses use more energy per passenger ______

___ (A) as do trains

___ (B) than trains do

___ (C) trains do

___ (D) like trains

Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 167

4.The larger a drop of water, ______.. freezing temperature. __ (A) the higher its

__ (B) its higher

__ (C) higher than its

___ (D) higher of its

5. San Diego and San Francisco, Los Angeles has no natural harbor. Dissimilar

Unlike __ (C) Dislike

___ (D) Different

6.The water of the Great Salt Lake is ______ seawater. __ (A) saltier than that of

as salty as that of __ (C) saltier than __ (D) so salty as

7.A psychosis is a severe mental disorder, ______ than a neurosis.

___ (A) the most serious

___ (B) as serious

___ (C) more serious than

___ (D) as though serious

8.The social system of bumblebees is not as complex ______

__ (A) than honeybees

___ (B) as honeybees

___ (C) that honeybees are

___ (D) as that of honeybees

9.The administration of private colleges is nearly ______ that of public colleges.

__ (A) same

just as

___ (C) the same as __ (D) similar

10. a river on land, an ocean current does not flow in a straight line.

__ (A) Alike __ (B) Like

___ (C) Likewise __ (D) Likely

11.The skin temperature of humans is ______ their internal temperature. __ (A) not high as

__ (B) not so high __ (C) as low

__ (D) lower than

12. A butterfly a moth in a number of ways.

___ (A) is different from __ (B) is different

___ (C) the difference is __ (D) differing from

168 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

LESSON 30

MISSING CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are connecting words; they join parts of a sentence. In this lesson, we'll look at two types of conjunctions.

Coordinate conjunctions are used to join equal sentence parts: single words, phrases, and independent clauses. When two full clauses are joined, they are usually separated by a comma. The coordinate conjunctions you will most often see in Structure problems are listed in the chart below:

(The conjunction so is used to join only clauses-not single words or phrases.)

Conjunctive adverbs (moreover, therefore, however, nevertheless, and so on) are also used to join clauses, but in Structure problems, these words are most often used as distractors-they seldom appear as correct answers.

Correlative conjunctions are two-part conjunctions. Like coordinate conjunctions, they are used to join clauses, phrases, and words.

Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 169

..... Sample Items

The automobile began as a toy ______ developed into a powerful force for social change.

(A)it

(B)but

(C)when

(D)or

There is a contrast in this sentence; the role of the automobile as a toy in its early days is contrasted with its later role as a force for social change. The only word among the four choices that indicates contrast is choice (B), but.

Singer Marian Anderson trained ______ in the United States and abroad.

(A)not just

(B)and

. (C) both

(D) not only

The correct structure for this sentence is both . .. and. Choices (A), (B), and (D) do not follow this pattern. (In choice (D), not only must be paired with but also to be correct.) ...

Exercise 30

Focus: Completing structure problems involving conjunctions. (Note: One or two of the items in this exercise do not focus on conjunctions. These items are marked in the answer key with asterisks.)

Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentence, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.

1.Blindfish, which spend their whole lives in caves, have ______ eyes nor body pigments. __ (A) not any

~ (B) neither

__ (C) nor

___ (D) without

2.Specialty stores, unlike department stores, handle only one line of merchandise ______ a limited number of closely related lines.

__ (A) either

__ (B) but __ (C) instead

__ (D) or

3. Thomas Eakins studied not only painting ______ anatomy when he was training to become an artist.

___ (A) moreover __ (B) but also __ (C) as well __ (D) and

Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 171

LESSON 31

MISSING NEGATIVE WORDS

The answer choices for this type of item are four negative expressions, such as the ones listed below:

The negative word not is used to make almost any kind of word or phrase negative: verbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, adjectives, and so on.

Both no and not can be used before nouns, depending on meaning.

There is no coffee in the pot. (It's empty.)

This is not coffee. (It's tea.)

The adjective no is also used before the word longer to mean "not anymore."

I no longer read the afternoon paper.

.... Sample Item

There is almost ______ vegetation in the Badlands, a barren region of South Dakota.

(A)not

(B)nor

(C)none

(D)no

Choices (A), (B), and (C) cannot be used before nouns as adjectives. ...

By the way, probably the most common correct answer for this type of problem is the adjective no.

172 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression

Exercise 31

Focus: Completing structure problems involving negative words. (Note: All the items in this exercise focus on negative words.)

Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentence, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.

1.Old Faithful is the most famous but ______ the most powerful geyser in Yellowstone National Park.

___ (A) none of

-- (B) no __ (C) nothing

~(D)not

2.Early carpenters, having ______ nails, had to use wooden pegs to secure their constructions.

__ (A) no __ (B) not

___ (C) without __ (D) neither

3.Joseph Priestly, the discoverer of oxygen, had little ______ interest in science until he met Benjamin Franklin in Paris.

__ (A) and not

___ (B) or no

__ (C) but not

___ (D) nor any

4.Mobile homes were ______ counted as permanent houses until the 1960 census.

__ (A) not __ (B) nor __ (C) no __ (D) none

5.Most solo musicians play ______ sheet music in front of them.

___ (A) without

___ (B) not having __ (C) lacking __ (D) and no

6.Desertification is the creation of deserts where ______ had existed before.

___ (A) never

___ (B) no one __ (C) none

___ (D) not one

7.Glass snakes are actually legless lizards, ______ snakes.

__ (A) no __ (B) not __ (C) nor

___ (D) none

8.There is ______ truth to the old expression "Lightning never strikes the same place twice:'

__ (A) without

___ (B) none

__ (C) no __ (D) not

__ (A) There was not a

__ (B) Nora

___ (C) Not one of

__ (D) No

10.A serious study of physics is impossible ______ some knowledge of mathematics.

___ (A) not with

__ (B) no

__ (C) not having

___ (D) without

___ (A) No

___ (B) Never __ (C) Not

___ (D) None

12. One of the few stands of forest on the East Coast of the United States that has ______

been harvested is Hutcheson Forest in New Jersey. no

__ (B) never __ (C) none __ (D) nothing

13. Customers could, until the 1960's, open small savings accounts at U.S. Post Offices, but that

__ (A) No

__ (B) None of __ (C) Not one __ (D)Not