- •Executive Summary
- •Box K1.1. Why is innovation important?
- •Box K1.2. Incremental and radical innovation
- •Figure 1.1. Driving forces of innovation
- •Table 1.1. Innovation style at different stages of the firm
- •Table 1.2. Closed innovation versus open innovation principles
- •Table 1.3. The benefits of collaboration
- •Figure 1.2. Structure of the national innovation system
- •Box K1.3. Public-private partnerships for innovation
- •Table 1.4. Options for improving the functioning of an innovation system
- •Box K1.4. The public sector role as coordinator
- •Box K1.5. Innovation Agencies and Innovation Councils
- •Executive Summary
- •A. The importance of framework conditions
- •Box K2.1. Entrepreneurship as a driver of innovation
- •B. Local and regional dimensions
- •Box K2.2. Are local factors still relevant?
- •Box K2.3. Codified and tacit knowledge
- •C. The role of the business environment
- •Box C2.3. Good practices in company formation
- •Table 2.3. Basic principles in the organization and delivery of business services
- •Box K2.4. What is R&D and why it matters?
- •Table 2.4. Principles of designing tax incentives for R&D in firms
- •Figure 2.2. Eligibility of UK companies for R&D tax incentives
- •Table 2.5. Direct funding and tax incentives for R&D
- •Figure 2.3. Funding requirements lifecycle
- •Table 2.6. Taxonomy of types of support for early-stage companies
- •Executive Summary
- •A. Identifying industry-science linkages and the forms of public support
- •Figure 3.1. How the public and private sector can join forces in support of innovation
- •Table 3.1. Different categories and forms of industry-science relations
- •B. Supporting industry-science linkages at different stages of the innovation process
- •Table 3.2. Industry-science relations (ISR) and the institutional setting in public science
- •Table 3.3. Responsible Partnership Guidelines for Collaborative Research
- •Table 3.4. The types of technology that lead to spin-outs or established firm licenses
- •Executive Summary
- •A. Innovation support institutions and firms’ innovation activities
- •Table 4.1. Types of innovation support institutions
- •B. Business incubators
- •Box K4.1. What is a business incubator?
- •Box K4.2. Pre-incubation
- •Table 4.2. Performance evaluation: definition of key evaluation issues
- •Table 4.3. Performance evaluation: Definition of key performance evaluation indicators
- •C. Science and technology parks
- •Box K4.4. Different definitions of science parks
- •Table 4.5. Four science park models: Main features
- •Table 4.6. Profile of a typical North American university research park
- •D. Innovation clusters
- •Box K4.5. The main features of innovation clusters
- •Table 4.7. An illustrative framework for cluster monitoring, benchmarking and evaluation
Enhancing the Innovative Performance of Firms |
55 |
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Figure 3.1. How the public and private sector can join forces in support of innovation
Source: Foxon T., Pearson P., Makuch Z., and Macarena M., (2004), “Informing policy processes that promote sustainable innovation: an analytical framework and empirical methodology”. ESRC Working paper series No. 2004/4.
56 Policy Options and Practical Instruments
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Table 3.1. Different categories and forms of industry-science relations
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Publications |
Scientific publications, co-publications. |
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Consulting of publications. |
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Participation in conference |
Participation in conferences and fairs. Exchange in |
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professional organizations. Participation in boards |
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professional networks & boards |
of knowledge institutions and governmental |
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organizations. |
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Graduates. |
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Mobility from public knowledge institutes to |
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industry. |
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Mobility of people |
Mobility |
from |
industry to |
public knowledge |
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institutes. |
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Trainees. |
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Double appointments. |
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Temporarily exchange of personnel. |
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Other informal contacts/ networks |
Networks |
based |
on |
friendship |
Alumni societies. |
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Other boards. |
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Joint R&D projects. |
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Presentation of research. |
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Cooperation in R&D |
Supervision of a trainee or Ph.D. student. |
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Financing of Ph.D. research. |
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Sponsoring of research. |
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Sharing of facilities |
Shared laboratories. |
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Common use of machines, location or building |
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(science parks). Purchase of prototypes. |
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Contract education or training. |
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Retraining of employees. |
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Cooperation in education |
Working |
students |
Influencing curriculum of |
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university programmes. |
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Providing scholarships. |
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Sponsoring of education. |
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Contract research and advisory roles |
Contract-based research and consultancy. |
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Patent texts. |
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Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) |
Co-patenting Licenses of university-held patents. |
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Copyright and other forms of intellectual property. |
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Spin-offs and entrepreneurship |
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Spin-offs |
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Start-up Incubators at universities. |
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Stimulating entrepreneurship. |
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Source: Brennenraedts, Reginald, Bekkers Rudi and Verspagen, Bart (2004), “The different channels of university-industry knowledge transfer”, Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies Working Paper, 06.04.