23 Билет Industrial revolution..

After the Civil War the number of factories grew rapidly. It turned the US into industrial nation.

Reasons:1) it was a result of thousands of inventors. By 1882 Edison had built a generator for New York City. Within few years generators were built in other cities.

2) With the growth of the cities the business began also to grow, there were a lot of businessmen as Andrew Carnegie. He was from poor family. Carnegie bought shares in or parts of corporations & got dividends. By 1900 Carnegie produced ¼ of steel made in the US. Then Henry Ford found how to make automobiles faster (assembly line) => auto were cheaper. (600$ to 360$ by 1916)

3) Most of farmers moved from villages to cities. There were also lots of immigrants. They arrived in the US to find a job, become rich, came for religious freedom.

4) There were a lot of people so the needed a lot of houses, shops, schools etc. The US started to build tall building with steel frame. The first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1884.Libraries, theatres, schools were built too.

6) Jane Addams built the Hull House that helped poor & immigrants to settle in Chicago. She did a lot to limit the power of some org. such as Rockfeller Oil Company (controlled 95% of US oil).

7) There were also some reforms in government such as Secret Voting, way the US senators were elected, protecting of the resources (cut too much trees => limit it)

24 Билет Progressivism and the election of 1812

After the Gilded Age came the Progressive Era, whose followers called for reform over perceived industrial corruption. Viewpoints taken by progressives included greater federal regulation of anti-trust laws and the industries of meat-packing, drugs, and railroads. Four new constitutional amendments—the Sixteenth through Nineteenth—resulted from progressive activism. The era lasted from 1900 to 1918.

The United States presidential election of 1912 was fought among three major candidates, two of whom were presidents. Incumbent President William Taft was renominated by the Republican Party. After former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination, he called his own convention and created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party"). Democrat Woodrow Wilson was nominated on the 46th ballot of a contentious convention.

Wilson defeated both Taft and Roosevelt in the general election, winning a huge majority in the Electoral College, and won 42% of the popular vote (as opposed to his nearest rival's 27%). Wilson was the second of only two Democrats to be elected President between 1860 and 1932. This was also the last election in which a candidate who was not a Republican or Democrat came second (in either the popular vote or the Electoral College) and the first election where all 48 states of the continental United States participated.

26 билет Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist and leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States. King is recognized as a martyr by two Christian churches. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech about equal rights.

In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986.

27 билет World War II (1941–1945)

As with World War I, the United States did not enter World War II until after the rest of the active Allied countries had done so.

On December 7, 1941 Japan launched a surprise attack on the American naval base in Pearl Harbor. The following day, Franklin D. Roosevelt successfully urged a joint session of Congress to declare war on Japan. Four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 11, Germany declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war.

Battle against Germany

Upon entering the war, the United States and its allies decided to concentrate the bulk of their efforts on fighting Hitler in Europe, while maintaining a defensive position in the Pacific until Hitler was defeated. The United States's first step was to set up a large airforce in Britain to concentrate on bombing raids into Germany itself. The American Air force relied on the B-17 Flying Fortress as its primary heavy bomber. Britain had ceased its daylight bombing raids, due to heavy casualties inflicted by the Luftwaffe. The USAAF suffered similar high losses until the introduction of the P-51 Mustang as a long range escort fighter for the bombers.

Landing at Normandy at Battle of Normandy, by Robert F. Sargent, United States Army

The American army's first ground action was fighting alongside the British, Australian and New Zealand armies in North Africa. By May 1943, the British 8th Army had expelled the Germans from North Africa and the Allies controlled this vital link until the end of the war. The American navy also played an active role in the Atlantic protecting the convoys bringing vital American war material to Britain. By midway through 1943, the Allies were fighting the war from Britain with unbroken supply lines, while at the same time Hitler's armies were very much on the back foot, with heavy bombing taking its toll on production.

By early 1944, a planned invasion of Western Europe was underway. What followed on June 6, 1944, was Operation Overlord, or D-Day. The largest war armada ever assembled landed on the beaches of Normandy and began the penetration of Western Europe that eventually overthrew Hitler and Nazi Germany. Following the landing at Normandy, the Americans contributed greatly to the outcome of the war, with dogged fighting in the Battle of the Ardennes and the Battle of the Bulge resulting in Allied victories against the Germans. The battles took a heavy toll on the Americans, who lost 19,000 men during the Battle of the Bulge alone. The allied bombing raids on Germany increased to unprecedented levels after the D-Day invasion, with over 70% of all bombs dropped on Germany occurring after this date. On April 30, 1945, with Berlin completely overrun with Russian forces and his country in tatters, Adolf Hitler committed suicide. On May 8, 1945, the war with Germany was over, following its unconditional surrender to the Allied forces.

Battle against Japan

Due to the United States commitment to defeating Hitler in Europe, the first years of the war against Japan was largely a defensive battle with the United States Navy attempting to prevent the Japanese Navy from asserting dominance of the Pacific region. Initially, Japan won the majority of its battles in a short period of time. Japan quickly defeated and created military bases in Guam, Thailand, Malaya, Hong Kong, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Burma. This was done virtually unopposed and with quicker speed than that of the German Blitzkrieg during the early stages of the war. This was important for Japan, as it had only 10% of the homeland industrial production capacity of the United States.

Douglas MacArthur lands at the Battle of Leyte, by U.S. Army Signal Corps

The turning point of the war was the Battle of Midway in June 1942. Following this, the Americans began fighting towards China where they could build an airbase suitable to commence bombing of mainland Japan with its B-29 Superfortress fleet. The Americans began by selecting smaller, lesser defended islands as targets as opposed to attacking the major Japanese strongholds. During this period, they inadvertently triggered what would become their most comprehensive victory in the entire war.

The Pacific war became the largest naval conflict in history. The American Navy emerged victorious after at one point being stretched to almost breaking point with almost complete destruction of the Japanese Navy. The American forces were then poised for an invasion of the Japanese mainland, to force the Japanese into unconditional surrender. On April 12, 1945, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died and Vice President Harry S. Truman was sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States. The decision to use nuclear weapons to end the conflict has been one of the most controversial decisions of the war. Supporters of the use of the bombs argue that an invasion would have cost enormous numbers of lives, while opponents argue that the large number of civilian casualties resulting from the bombings were still unjustified. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9. On August 15, 1945, the Japanese surrendered unconditionally ending World War 2.

29 билет The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.

There are currently 192 member states, including nearly every recognized independent state in the world. It is located in New York City, the UN and have a regular meetings throughout the year. The organization is divided into administrative bodies, primarily:

The General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly);

The Security Council (decides certain resolutions for peace and security);

The Economic and Social Council (assists in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development);

The Secretariat (provides studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN);

The International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ).

Additional bodies deal with the governance of all other UN System agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who attained the post in 2007. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

30 билет After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and Pentagon in Washington, D.C., the United States declared a "War on Terrorism." Since then, the United States launched wars against Afghanistan and Iraq (Second Gulf War) while pursuing Al-Qaeda and other militant organizations on a global level.

Barack Obama in his first formal television interview as President, addressed the Muslim world through an Arabic-language satellite TV network. He expressed interest and a commitment to repair relations that had been deteriorated under the previous administration.

Bush Doctrine

The Bush Doctrine is a term used to describe the foreign policy doctrine of United States president George W. Bush. Scholars identify seven different "Bush Doctrines," including the willingness to use a "coalition of the willing" if the United Nations Security Council refuses to sanction violence, the doctrine of preemptive war, and the president's second-term "freedom agenda". Critics of the Bush Doctrine are suspicious of the increasing willingness of the US to use military force unilaterally. It is also argued that the Bush Doctrine is too ideological and not pragmatic enough. There are further criticisms of the neoconservative foreign interventionism ideology.