3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. перерабатываемые продукты

2. заболевания органов дыхания

3. густо населенные побережья

4. в недалеком будущем

5. самая большая цена

6. прежде всего

7. химические отходы

8. оседать на дне

9. применяемые как распылители

10. всеобщая проблема

4. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, обозначьте словообразовательную морфему (приставка, корень, суффикс) либо дополнительный корень при словосложении и переведите слова на русский язык:

1. danger

2. extensive

3. pollute

4. every

5. sensitive

6. vary

7. perform

8. sense

9. new

10. fame

5.Задайте к подчеркнутому в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: числительные, времена групп Continuous и Perfect активного и пассивного залога; согласование времен; функции глаголов to be, to have; усилительные конструкции, неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные:

1. They have been found to be present in a wide range of organisms throughout the world, including the oceans and the polar regions.

2. A large number of fairly sophisticated pollution gauges have been devised to serve this purpose.

3. In addition, it has recently been found out that there are a number of natural gauges whose performance by far exceeds anything that has so far been made by man.

4. If pollution continues at its present pace my estimate is that the northern half will be almost dead in 10 years.

5. If you stop all pollution of the Mediterranean now, it would still take about 100 years before the sea becomes clean.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. How are pesticides moved from one place to another?

1. Are there any natural indicators of pollution? Name them.

2. What was Alan Bombard asked about?

3. What is the reason of the pollution of the Mediterranean?

4. Who pays the heaviest price?

5. Do you know any ways out of the situation?

6. Is man a pest?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2 – 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10 – 15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 7

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY. The science chemistry includes a study of properties, com­position and structure of matter, the changes in structure and composition which matter undergoes, and the accompa­nying energy changes.

There are more than 30 different branches of chemistry. Some of the better known fields are: inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biolo­gical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, colloidal chemistry, electrochemistry, industrial chemistry, etc.

Inorganic chemistry deals with the study of materials not derived from living organisms. However it now includes all substances other than the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. The term organic arose from the relationship of this branch of chemistry to organic, or living, matter. But many other «or­ganic» compounds are prepared by chemists in the laboratory.

In the past few decades chemistry has achieved tremendous successes in producing a new type of material, the so-called polymers. It is the product of organic synthesis. These mate­rials possess truly remarkable properties which in some res­pect are similar to the properties of natural metals. Sometimes synthetic plastics combined with natural elements might have even more valuable properties than natural ones have.

Physical chemistry is concerned with these parts of che­mistry which are closely linked with physics as for instance, the behaviour of substances when a current of electricity is passed through them.

Analytical chemistry deals with the methods of separation of purer substances from mixtures, of elements from com­pounds, and with their estimation.

Synthetic chemistry deals with the methods by which complex bodies may be built up from simpler substances.

Electrochemistry is concerned with the relation, between electrical energy and chemical change. Electrolysis may be an example of it.

Biochemistry has appeared on the boundaries between biology and chemistry. The joint work of chemists and biolo­gists promotes further development of science. Nevertheless modern chemical science is based on the achievements of such an outstanding scientist as D. Mendeleyev. His greatest disco­very was his Periodic Law. The Periodic Law is one of the corner stones of modern chemical theory. It can be simply stated as follows: The properties of the elements are a periodic function of the nuclear charges of their atoms.

It was D. Mendeleyev, the famous Russian chemist, who was the first to discover the law of dependence of the proper­ties of elements upon their atomic weights and showed the elements arranged according to a definite system. This system is called the Periodic System. The Periodic System is of great importance for modern science.

There were several vacant spaces in Mendeleyev's table which led him to predict the existence of six undiscovered elements (scandium, gallium, germanium, polonium, etc.).

He predicted not only the existence of these elements but their physical and chemical properties as well. In his table the symbols of the elements are given with their atomic we­ights. Mendeleyev's Periodic Law was the beginning of a new era in the history of chemistry.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY. We know electrochemistry to deal with the relations bet­ween the transformations of chemical and electrical energy. We know it to owe its birth to the discoveries of Volta. It culminated in the invention of the voltaic pile towards the end of the eighteenth century. This important tool was almost immediately employed by Sir Humphry Davy to study the chemical action of electric currents and to isolate potassium and sodium from the molten hydroxides of these elements. Everybody knows this work to have paved the way towards the development of modern electrochemical industry of large proportions. But Davy's most significant service to science was his finding and training Michael Faraday to whom more than anyone else electrochemistry is indebted. Not only the discovery and enunciation of the two laws upon which so much of electrochemistry is practically based are due to this expe­rimental genius but also the principle of electromagnetic induction which led ultimately to an economical means of generating energy, essential for the industrial application of electrochemistry.

Faraday (1791—1867) was one of the ten children of a blacksmith. There was no question of an education for young Faraday and he was apprenticed to a bookbinder.

It was a stroke of luck that his employer knew him to have desire for learning and allowed him to read books and to attend scientific lectures.

In 1812 a customer gave Faraday tickets to attend the lectures of Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution. Soon Faraday sent Davy his notes and an application for a job as his assistant.

Davy was enormously impressed by clear ability of the youngster and offered the young man the job.

Almost at once Davy left for his grand tour of Europe and took Faraday with him as secretary.

Faraday became director of the laboratory in 1825, and soon the one-time bookbinder's apprentice became professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution.

In chemistry Faraday made his first mark in 1823, when he devised methods for liquefying gases under pressure.

In 1825 he discovered benzene.

In addition Faraday carried on Davy's great work in elec­trochemistry. Davy had liberated a number of new metals by passing an electric current through molten compounds of those metals. Faraday named this process electrolysis. He named a compound or solution that carry an electric current an electrolyte. Everybody knows all these names to exist unchanged and to be used constantly in science.

In 1832 Faraday further reduced the matter of electrolysis to quantitative terms by announcing what are now called Faraday's laws of electrolysis.

Faraday's laws put electrochemistry on its modern basis.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1. carbon compounds

2. tremendous successes

3. truly remarkable properties

4. in some res­pect

5. is concerned with

6. are closely linked with

7. corner stone

8. according to a definite system

9. the voltaic pile

10. left for his grand tour