5.Задайте к подчеркнутому в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: числительные, времена групп Continuous и Perfect активного и пассивного залога; согласование времен; функции глаголов to be, to have; усилительные конструкции, неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные:

1. Two months later green grass was growing on the plot.

2. And then at an American station 196,820 liters of fuel had leaked from a rubber storage onto the ice shelf.

3. It takes 1.5 to 2 grammes per 1,000 square meters of surface.

4. The strain used in it has not been produced by genetic engineering, but is from nature.

5. Some modifications of the preparation have been developed.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What two sorts of life are there in Antarctica?

2. What state does Antarctica belong to?

3. Why were permanent bases set up all around Antarctica?

4. Why do many scientists carry out their research on the frozen continent?

5. What do environmentalists fear?

6. What advantages does the new preparation have (over the existing biological methods of combating oil pollu­tion)?

7. What is the only way to save Antarctica?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2 – 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10 – 15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 17

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

THERMAL POWER STATIONS. No state in the world is indifferent to energy problems. Successful solving of the electrification problems in a coun­try creates a firm power basis for the steady development of its economy.

Thermal, hydro- and atomic power plants produce elec­tricity. The fuel-fired power stations generate about 75% of total electric energy production in the world today. The pro­duction of electrical energy in fuel-burning stations is a very rapidly changing art with respect to equipment and methods used and ultimate standards are difficult to predict. Each year sees marked changes and improvements in equipment and methods brought about by the enormous increases in power demands.

Any fuel-burning station has two major problems to solve in securing efficiency: one to transfer all the heat from the fuel to the steam, and the other to transform all the ener­gy in the steam into electrical energy.

At present, a tendency is noticed toward the use of high pressures and temperatures in the steam and extreme appli­cation of the recirculating principle. Thermal power stations will remain for a long time the world's basic source of elec­tric power.

For producing steam various fuels are available, which may be classified as solid, liquid, and gaseous. A station may be equipped to burn any of these types of fuel or combina­tions and local conditions govern the practices.

ATOMIC POWER PLANTS. In June 1954, the world's first atomic power station was put into operation in the USSR. It opened the era of the peaceful use of nuclear energy for generating electricity.

Important progress has been made since then. Major commercial atomic power stations (APS) are already operat­ing in a number of countries. Large-scale atomic power stations are under construction.

In an atomic power plant the heat generated in the pro­cess of nuclear fission is converted into electrical energy The reactor in which fission takes place is the main element of the atomic power plant.

In power plants reactors working both on fast and ther­mal neutrons may be used. The heat released during the combustion of the fuel is used to generate steam under pressure. The steam is sent into the turbine where it expands against the blades of the rotor causing them to revolve.

Steam pressures of up to 170 atm and temperatures of 400—550 °C are applied in modern power plants. One of the most characteristic features of power reactors is the high temperature of the materials in the core.

The coolant is heated as it flows through the reactor. Natural water, heavy water, various gases and some liquid metals and alloys are used as coolants. The coolant transfers its heat to water converting it into steam, which is sent into turbines.

OUR FRIEND — THE ATOM. The atom has been taught a host of peaceful trades. The power derived from atomic reactions has been applied to all fields of man's civilian activity. The application of atomic power to the generation of electricity is becoming increasing­ly broader. This is the only known potential capable of meeting mankind's growing requirements in electric power, natural fuels like coal, gas and oil being drained with ap­palling rapidity.

The first atomic power plant was put into operation in Obninsk near Moscow in 1954. Several dozens of similar power plants are now operating in the world, atomic power generation making impressive progress.

Chemistry is making more and more claims on the diver­sified potentialities of atomic power. The chemical industry is making much use of isotope instruments to supervise a number of chemical processes which formerly had been dif­ficult to check properly.

Metallurgists use atomic instruments to supervise the operation and the state of some processes in blast-furnaces. Isotope instruments measure the thickness of hot rolled sheet metal, detect faults in metal and do many other jobs. The atom has greatly increased the efficiency of geologists; it has accelerated the testing of minerals and the study of the earth's surface structure. At present geologists use nuclear instruments as routine equipment in prospecting.

It is to a nuclear instrument that we owe our knowledge of the composition of the moon's surface. Nuclear-physical instruments guard space pilots against the hazards of cos­mic rays. Flights to distant planets are hardly possible with­out using atomic power as a means of propulsion and a pow­er source for the space vehicle. Direct transformation of atomic power into electricity is a very promising field for outer space energetics.

ATOMIC ENERGY There are many sources of power. Wind and water are the oldest ones. For centuries coal, oil, wind and water were widely used by man. They were used to produce steam and electricity.

Our time is the age of atomic energy. Scientists of many countries have been working hard for more than a century to find out the secret of the atom. Now the energy of the atom is applied to all the fields of man's activity.

The atom is the smallest piece of the substance which can exist independently. Atoms are electrically neutral, having no electric charge in their normal state. An atom consists of electrons, protons and neutrons. An electron is very small and it has a very small mass. It is negatively charged. The nucleus consists of a number of protons, each with a single positive charge and one or more neutrons, which have no charge. The amount of electricity of any proton is exactly the same as that of an electron. That is why all the atoms are electrically neutral. The electrical nature of atoms is only evident when one starts breaking them into pieces, electrons and others.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1. power demands

2. extreme appli­cation of the recirculating principle

3. the blades of the rotor

4. causing them to revolve

5. a host of peaceful trades

6. capable of meeting mankind's growing requirements

7. hot rolled sheet metal

8. a means of propulsion

9. the smallest piece of the substance

10. promising field for outer space energetic

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. доступны различные виды топлива

2. в процессе строительства

3. спрос на энергию

4. была введена в эксплуатацию

5. применима во всех сферах деятельности

6. охраняют от космического излучения

7. то же, что у электрона

8. в процессе ядерного распада

9. считает очень полезными

10. трудно предсказать

4. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, обозначьте словообразовательную морфему (приставка, корень, суффикс) либо дополнительный корень при словосложении и переведите слова на русский язык:

1. depend

2. cool

3. impress

4. produce

5. peace

6. apply

7. develop

8. increase

9. require

10. vary