Basic changes in English
phonological changes
-
OE
ME
NE
MONOFTHONGISATION OF DIPHTONGS
INTRODUCTION OF NEW TYPE DIPHTONGS
STABILISATION OF –LONG VOWELS IN OPEN SYLABLES/ CLOSE SYLABELS
DIFTONGISATION OF THE NARROWEST VOWELS
THE GRADUAL NARROWINEY OF BROAD NOWELS
word formation changes
-
OE
ME
NE
derivation (affixation, suffixation, prefixation, infixation)
world ending
concersion
grammatical changes
synthetical structure of language ( - endings, - free word order in sentence)
analytical structure ( - auxiliary words, - fixed word order in the sentence)
simplificationof nominal grametical forms
complication of verb grammar forms
alphabet changes
runic alphabet ( Scandinavian origin)
anglo-saxon insula variant( Latin symbols, runic symbols
latin alphabet + French spelling tradition ( continental variant)
11. Old English or Anglo - Saxon Alphabet
Letter
A E
b
C
C ( K or K soft)
F ( F or V)
З (G or G soft Or J or X or X soft or H or Ɣ)
M
N ( N or Ng)
O
P
R
S ( S or Z)
U
W
Y
R
Sc – Sh ( scip –ship, scinan – shinen ( shine)
Sk- Sh
K ( soft) – Ts ( bank hill – bench, skirt - shirt)
12. Old English Phonological Changes in Details
Old English vowel changes
from OE to ME :
- assimilation
- narrowing
-fronting
Introduction or development of new diphthongs
- fracture/ breaking/ = diphthonginisation of short vowels before certain consonant clasters
form Early OE to Late OE ( ll, ll+ consonants, h- final, h+ consonants, r+ consonants)
-
ll
Ea
P.G
Eal – all
Long e +
Ll+ cons
Ea
Alls
Eah-ear
H final
Eo
Nah
H cons
ea
GT
Ear-ar
it happened also under the influence of consonants:
PG – OE
V+V ( liquid & labial consonants – monopthong/ -diphthong
PG |
OE |
Ne |
stains |
stan |
stone |
auso |
eare |
ear |
diups |
deop |
deep |
a+i= a/I r
e+i= a/I l/m
a+u=ae p
e+u=eo b
i+u=io f
Palitalisation
palatal consonants + monophthong change into diphthong
sk’ e - ie
k’ e long – ea
j’ e – ie
OHG |
OE |
NE |
Latin Cerasus |
cieres |
cherries |
Ghotic skadus |
sceady |
shade |
The narrowing of vowel
palating mutation ( I-U mlaut)
long e / a/ short o + I or J – e
a/ o/ o’ + I or J – long e or e
u/long u + I or J – y or y’
ea/eo/ea + I or J = ie
Ghotic mats OE mete NE meat
saljan sellan sale
lar lerar learn
boc bec book
fulljan fyllan fill
Lenghening the vowels
Short vowel in some position become long ( in combination LD/ MB/ND – become long)
cild- cild- child
cildry-cildry- children