Grammar exercises for lesson 1

Exercise 1. Specify syntactic functions of Infinitives in the following sentences and translate them accordingly.

1. To produce workable EMR (extraordinary magneto resistance) nanostructure was the demand of dramatic changes in optoelectronics.

2. To produce workable EMR nanostructure, the university research team invited some world – famous physicists.

3. To understand such physical effect as extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR), we shall consider the device shown on the next page.

4. To understand such physical effect as EMR is very important for our further research.

5. To form the strongest material known was a hard and time consuming task.

6. To form the strongest material known, nanotubes are combined, and yet they are both lightweight and transparent.

7. To explain this phenomenon, one has to study how the electrons actually travel along random paths.

8. To explain this phenomenon to people who have no idea of physical laws was rather difficult.

9. To reduce the weight of cars and spacecrafts dramatically, designers will use carbon nanotechnology more and more widely.

10. To reduce the weight of cars and spacecrafts dramatically will be the main result of their promising research they have been doing for so many years.

11. To demonstrate, what shape the electric field lines take, was one of the purposes of his presentation.

12. To demonstrate, what shape the electric field lines take, he prepared several slides for his presentation.

Exercise 2. Determine syntactic functions of Infinitives in the following sentences and translate them.

1. Richard Feynman was the first who predicted the election-beam lithography. The latter is used today to make silicon chips. We know him to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1965 for his contribution to quantum electrodynamics.

2. Ralf Landauer, a theoretical physicist, was one of the first who realized the importance of quantum mechanics effects on the development of nanoelectronics.

3. Nanomaterials to be used in nanoelectronics must consist of assemblies of nanostructures workable in different optoelectronics and other devices.

4. The task to reduce the weight of cars and spacecrafts seemed to be feasible in the near future.

5. Two Russian scientists Ekimov and Omushchenko were the first who observed quantum confinement.

6. The equation to be remembered describes a system oscillating with certain frequency and amplitude.

7. Richard Feynman predicted the appearance of silicon chips to be produced by electron-beam lithography.

8. After thorough study of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials the next chapter to be read is “Nanowires and Nanotubes”.

9. A new type of a battery to be built in with the other circuitry on a clip was called a nanobattery.

Exercise 3. Find Complex Object Infinitive in the following sentences and translate them.

1. Scientists know this superlattice to possess very interesting electrical properties.

2. David Tomanek, a professor of physics at Michigan State University, considers each of the nanotube forms to find applications for which they are best suited.

3. Since their discovery in 1991, researchers believed carbon nanotubes to be the most important candidates to dominate the 21^st century revolution.

4. They assumed the extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR) effect to work by changing the paths of electrons travelling through the device.

5. Manufacturers of optoelectronics device expected scientists to obtain considerably greater magnetoresistance (MR) from a nonmagnetic metal such as gold.

6. We supposed them to be studying the properties of microelectronic structure called a semiconductor superlattice.

7. The researchers believed magnetoresistance to be the phenomenon in which the electrical resistance of a metal or a semiconductor increases or decreases in response to magnetic field.

8. Physicists found the very much larger effect of EMR to depend on the magnetic field curving the electrons paths.

9. The above mentioned effect causes the electric field lines to curve inward and concentrate on the metallic disk.

10. The current is thus tunneled through the highly conductive metal which causes the device as a whole to have a low resistance.

11. Customers might see the magnetoresistance (MR) sensors used in banks do currency sorting and counting based on magnetic inks.

12. The discovery and study of MR phenomena enabled scientists to develop magnetic sensors and EMR sensors in particular. The latter are supposed to have myriad potential applications.

13. We known EMR sensors to be used now in magnetic-field testing for machinery and engines, speed sensing for gears, position-sensing robots for factory production lines to name but a few.

14. Computer experts know disk drives to have three key components: the magnetic disk medium to store the information, the write-head element to write information onto the disk, and the read-head element to read the information. All three components will have to be improved considerably to satisfy the demand for low-cost, high-speed storage at ever greater densities.

15. The design of the nanobattery enables it to lie inactive for at least 15 years, but then it is capable of waking up and immediately providing a burst of high energy.

16. Not only does nanotechnology enable structures to be made much smaller. It also enables effects that are not visible on larger structures to be utilised. Researchers found the material to exhibit different electromagnetic or optical properties on these scales as a result of atomic sizes involved. This opens tremendous opportunities to be exploited in many different ways.

Exercise 4. Point out Complex Object Infinitive constructions in the following sentences and translate them accordingly.

1. Nanophysics is known to deal with physical effects at the nanometer and sub-nanometer scale.

2. Semiconductor superlattice is known to consist of layers stacked like a sandwich.

3. Sensors based on nanotechnology are likely to revolutionize health care, climate control and detection of toxic substances.

4. One of the most important and far-reaching potential applications of nanomaterials is certain to be in the field of nanoelectronics.

5. Nanophysics is reported to include physical laws applicable from 100 nm scale down to the sub-atomic, sub-0.1 nm scale.

6. A knowledge of processes related to the nanoscale structures is likely to be helpful in developing technologies for preventing or minimizing harm to the environment.

7. Metallic and semiconducting properties of nanotubes are reported to have been constructed by a special method.

8. Research focused on one phenomenon happened to result in the unexpected discovery.

9. Nanostructred systems are considered to constitute a bridge between single molecules and infinite bulk systems.

10. Dozens of research teams across the globe are now assumed to be working to develop robust nanoscale electrical switches based on atoms or molecules.

11. Size equations proved to constitute scaling laws for the nuclear electronic level structures and dynamics.

12. Gregory Snider, currently a consultant with Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Palo Alto, Calif, is said to be exploring ways to improve the architectural design of nanoelectronics.

13. Stanley Williams, the director of Quantum Science Research (QSR) program at Hewlett Packard Laboratories, is reported to guide the multidisciplinary team that designs, builds and tests new nanocircuits. His primary interests now are said to be focused on the study of intersection of nanoscience and information technology.

14. In our case, demultiplexer is known to be a special type of a crossbar in which many nanowires connect to a small number of conventional wires.

15. A big problem is sure to occur, however, if one of the connections between a nanowire in the multiplexer and a conventional wire is broken.

16. This team of researchers is believed to have found the way to protect nanowires from broken connections in the demultiplexer.

17. In the case considered, each nanowire happened to have several broken connections to the conventional wires.

18. The field of nanoscale fabrication is said to be extremely active today, with many competing techniques being under study.

19. Bruce Gnade and William Warren are reported to have recognized that effective architecture was critical for developing the new nanoscale device technologies.

20. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is known to produce real-space imaging of atomic dimensions. It (STM) is reported to have been designed to study atomic structure of thin films.

21. Magnetoresistance proved to be the phenomenon in which the electrical resistance of a metal or a semiconductor increases or decreases in response to a magnetic field.