10)According to Hindu philosophy, In what does any social interaction results?

*11)According to Hindu philosophy, To what should human endeavor be directed?

12)The meaning of Moksha in Hinduism. Finally emancipation

13)To what notion in Buddhism is Moksha in Hinduism equivalent? nirvana

14)The main Veda. Rig Veda

15)Who was Vardhamana Mahavira? Founder of Jainism

16)What doctrine is central to the moral code of Jainism? karma

17)The principal ingredient of Jaina metaphysics. Jinas and Jains

Jina means – conqueror

Jain – follower of conqueror

*18)The doctrine of karma has got a specific meaning in Jainism. A substance which penetrates the universe with cause and effect relation

*19)Jaina concept of nonabsolutism. every object have infinity aspect non of which separated.

*20)Three primary true values in Jaina logic. True, false, indifferent

*21)Every statement is regarded as having _____ values, considered from different standpoints.

23)The Three Jewels constitute the basis of Jain doctrinal and ethical position. Write knowledge, faith, practice

24)Into what two groups are Jaina monks and nuns divided? Shvetambara and digambara

25)The translation of Yoga from Sanskrit. unity

26)The translation of Buddha from Sanskrit. An enlightened one

27)To what philosophy does the notion of nirvana belong? Buddhism

The first noble truth – there is a suffering

The second – the cause of suffering

The third – the end of suffering

The forth – the path out of suffering

29)According to Buddhism, by whom can nirvana be experienced? Freed themselves

30) According to Buddhism, when can nirvana be experienced? In present existence

VШ. 1) That primary necessity did Confucius show with all his life? Self-cultivation

2) How many books does Confucian Classics consists of? 5

3)In what book of Confucian Classics is metaphysical vision expressed? I ching (Classic of changes)

4)According I Ching, cosmos is a great transformation occasioned by the constant interaction of what forces? Forces of man and woman

5)According to Kong Tzu, the meaning of politics. Moral persuasion.

6) According to Kong Tzu, what is the best way to attain the new. Gaining knowledge.

7)By whom was the Lun-yu (Analects) written? Confucius.

8)Confucius said: “At ___ I followed my heart’s desires without overstepping the boundaries of right”. 70

9) To whom did Confucius want to make education available? All men

Confucian conception of politics included the notion of cheng, which means. Rectification.

10)Confucian concept of cheng. Rectification.

11)Confucian ideal hsiao. Filial piety.

12)Confucian concept of jen. Humanity.

13)The founder of Taoism. Lao Tzu.

14)The author of “Tao te Ching”. Lao Tzu

Tao te ching was meant as. A handbook for a ruler.

15)For whom was “Tao te Ching” written? For rulers

16)According to Lao Tzu, how must ruler’s actions pass? Unnoticed

Wu wei means. Inaction.

According to Taoism, civilization is consisted. The degradation of the natural order.

Lao Tzu introduced in the eastern philosophy the social idea of. Universal development.

The ideal state according to Lao Tzu. Not have desire.

In the framework of Taoism old age in itself becomes. A respectable thing (?)

IX. 1)The main source of Western European Medieval philosophy. Neo-platonism.

2)The main representatives of European Medieval philosophy. Aurelius Augustine and Thomas Aquinas.

3) Into what philosophy turn at the Medieval Times? Christianity.

4)With what does God, for Augustine, coincide? Truth

To know God human mind must. Be illuminated by God.

7)The most famous of Augustine work. Confeccion. The city of God.

In his “city of God” Augustine viewed the world as eternally divided between. The city of world and the city of God.

The city of World is ruled by. Satan.

The city of God is represented in. Human mins or human heart.

Augustine conceived of man as a composite of two substances. Body and soul.

9)The most famous Aquinas’s work. the Summa theologiae and the Summa contra gentiles

10)Whom did Thomas Aquinas Introduced to Medieval philosophy. Aristotle and the Plotinus.

14)Aquinas’s system and explanations and developments made by his followers. Thomism

16)According to Aquinas, when we do what is right, to what is it objectively suited? Our true nature

17)Aquinas wrote: “God is not offended by us except by what we do against ______.” Our own good.

First proof of god’s existence. Motion

Second. The efficient cause.

Third. Possibility and necessity.

Forth. Gradation to be found in things.

Fifth. Governance of the world.

X. 2)The great representatives of Renaissance thought. Nicolas of Cusa, Giordano Bruno, Campanella.

3)What did Renaissance thinkers consider of physical world? A soul.

Renaissance thinkers developed “science of magic”, their purpose of knowing the good and evil spirits of nature and making them. Allies in god and evil enterprises.

What philosopher was cardinal. Nicolas of Cusa.

5)Nicholas of Cusa’s principal work. On learned ignorance.

6)According to Nicholas of Cusa, there are three stages in acquiring knowledge. Imagination, reason, intellect.

7)What is the world, for Nicholas of Cusa. Infinite potential.

According to Nicolas of Cusa a human being has got ___ contracted in himself. God.

8)What is the task of human life, by Nicholas of Cusa? Cognition of God (?)

XI. the introduction of what three mechanical inventions from the east is considered the cause of modern time advent. A gun, a compass, a block painting from movable type.

The father of empiricism in modern philosophy is considered to be. Francis Bacon

The father of rationalism in modern philosophy is considered to be. Rene Descartes.

The principal Beconion work is. Novum Organum

2)The first steps of Baconian method applying to natural science. a description of facts

The second. Tabulation or classification.

The third. The rejection of facts…

According to Bacon, tabulation or classification of facts must divide them into three categories. instances of the presence of the characteristic under investigation, instances of its absence, or instances of its presence in varying degrees

3)By what method has Baconian method of exhaustive cataloguing of facts since been replaced as a scientific method? Rational method (?) completely experimental method (?)

5)The Baconian idols of mind. The idol of tribe

The second idol. The idol of cave.

The third idol. The idol of marketplace.

The fourth idol. The idol of the theatre.

6)The title of the Great Baconian utopia. The new Atlantis.

The main philosophic work of Spinoza. Ethics.

7)The Extract from Spinoza’s ‘Ethics”: “Except ______, no substance can be or be conceived”. God.

8)Into what aspects did Spinoza divide substance? Natura naturans and natura naturata.

Natura naturans means. Creating nature.

Natura naturata means. Created nature.

9)The extract of Spinoza’s “Ethics”: “The two attributes of God of which we have knowledge are extension and __________.” Thought.

10)The first stage of cognition, according to Spinoza. Knowledge at random experience.

The second. Reason.

The third. Intuition.

Spinoza’s serious ethical persuasion is that human beings are not endowed with. Freedom.

According to Spinoza, what we should strive for is to be free from ___.... Passions.

Who is the author of “Discourse of method”. Rene Descartes.

12) Whose method Descartes used to start his philosophy? Skeptic.

The famous Descartes formula “cogito, ergo sum” is translated from latin. I think, there for I am.

13)Descartes divides the world into a metaphysical dualism. substantia cogitas and substantia extense

16)According to the Cartesian system, God is a third, infinite substance, whose essence is necessary existence, and God unites minds with bodies to create a fourth, compound substance. A man.

Cartesian system rises. Philosophical problem.

XII. According to Godfrid Leibnitz…. Simple.

Leibnitz maim philosophical work. “Monadology”

Immanuel Kant belongs to the. German Classical Philosophy.

Immanuel Kant was born in. Königsberg,

1)The main Kant’s greatest works. Critique of pure reason -> critique of practical reason -> critique of judgment.

2) I. Kant’s therminology. The notions of a priori, posteriori, synthetic, analytic statements.

A priori means before or beyond experience

A posteriori means after experience

Synthetic means Additional attribute

Analytic means that the attribute is contained in the notion

3)The basic problem, as Kant formulated it in his “Critique of Pure Reason”.

4)In what three fields does this problem arise, according to Kant? mathematics, physics, and metaphysics

The problem of synthetic a priori forms in math Kant investigated in. “transcendental aesthetic”

The problem of synthetic a priori forms in physics Kant investigated in. “transcendental analytic”

The problem of synthetic a priori forms in metaphysics Kant investigated in. “transcendental dialectic”

In “transcendental aesthetic” Kant argued that math necessary deals with…space and time

6)In “Transcendental Analytic” Kant maintained that physics is a priori and synthetic. Categories.

In metaphysics Kant claimed the situation is reverse…antinomies.

7)What Kant’s conclusion made a Copernican revolution in philosophy? It is not the mind, that conforms to things, but instead things that conform to the mind.

8)What ideas did I.Kant consider in his “Critique of Practical Reason” ? god, freedom and immortality.

9)In his “Critique of Practical Reason” Kant formulated the Categorical imperative. “Act only on that maxim, which could become a universal law”

10)In his “Critique of Judgement” Kant asserted that organisms must be investigated only ‘as if’. What did he mean?

11)What things were the most admiring things for Immanuel Kant for all his life? The starry heavens above him and the moral law within him

12)In what greatest work did Hegel presents the evolution of consciousness? “the phenomenology of mind”

14)The title of the first, second, third, fourth parts of “The Phenomenology of Mind”. The Individual, The Society, The Church, The Philosopher

15)With what did Hegel start the evolution of consciousness? mere consciousness. (Sensory (infantile)

According to Hegel the first that infantile consciousness realizes, is that dif things that have. Dif values.

XШ. 1)To what kind of philosophy did Friedrich Nietzsche belongs? The philosophy of life.

2)Friedrich Nietzsche contribution in philosophy, in the whole Western European culture. unmasked the motives that underlie traditional Western religion morality and philosophy

3)By what was Friedrich Nietzsche preoccupied in his mature writings? the origin and function of values in human life

The aesthetic ideal was born when… suffering

Nietzsche’s critique of traditional morality centred on the typology of. “master” and “slave”

In his analysis of traditional values he examined the etymology of the German words. “good” and “bad”

“God is dead”. Meaninglessness and purposelessness.

Nietzsche developed the original thesis that knowledge is always perspectival and never all-embracing. Perspectivism.

Nietzsche often identified life itself with an instinct for growth and durability. Will to power

Asserted that man must live life in such a way that he would find it possible to accept eternal repetition of his very life. Eternal recurrence. (?)

The distance between superman and man is greater than man and. An animal

9) To whom Zarathustra gives such characteristic: “One no longer become poor or rich; both are too burdensome. Who still want to rule? Who still want to obey? Both are too burdensome”? the last man

10) According to “Zarathustra”’s “Three Metamorphoses” of the spirit, the first, second, third metamorphoses. Camel, lion, child.

The third metamorphosis. Wisdom

Turn into camel. To learn how strong he is.

Cannon lion. To create new values.

XIV 1)The founder of Existentialism. Kierkegaard.

2)In what his work Seren Kierkegaard gives three limited existential sphere of human life?

3)According to Kierkegaard, the first, second, third existential spheres. Aesthetic, ethical, religious.

4)By whom, according to Kierkegaard, the first, second, third stages or existential spheres personified?

5)What notion did Kierkegaard introduced into philosophy. Despair.

According existentialism existence is always particular and individual.

The situation in which man is investigated by existentialism. Negative, baffling.

XV. one of the particular French existentialist. Camus.

1)The main topic of “The Myth of Sisyphus”. Absurdity.

2)According to Camus, what is the only truly serious philosophical problem? A life worth or not worth living.

4)Why is Sisyphus an absurd hero? Because the admission of absurdity of life goes side by side with him.

5)Why must we imagine Sisyphus happy? Because the struggle itself towards the highest is enough to fill a man’s heart.

The great work of Heidegger. “Being and Nothingness”

6)How did Heidegger declare the purpose of his principal work? What it means to a man to be.

7)In what terms did Heidegger consider man? Da-sein or being there.

10)According to Heidegger, into what is man thrown? The world of things (?)

11)Characteristics of das Man, according to Heidegger’s. idle talk and curiosity.