Контрольні питання

1. Назвіть основні етапи перекладацького аналізу у процесі усного перекладу.

2. Чому тексти для усного перекладу є стилістично неоднорідними?

3. Які основні текстові жанри призначені для усного перекладу?

4. Як під час усного перекладу треба перекладати фразеологічні одиниці?

Література: [2, c. 99–111; 3, c. 57–74]

Практичне заняття № 8

Тема. Переклад тексту з аркушу

Мета: перекладацький аналіз текстів, розвиток навичок перекладу з аркуша; засвоєння методу лінійного перекладу.

Короткі теоретичні відомості

Особливості перекладу з аркуша. Методи та підходи. Можливість використання лінійного перекладу при відтворенні тексту з аркуша:

– текст для лінійного перекладу мусить стосуватися знайомої для перекладача та отримувача перекладу теми;

– текст не повинен містити образних висловів, метафор, ідіом; стандартні еквіваленти термінів мусять бути відомими заздалегідь;

– лінійний переклад не означає дослівність перекладу і до нього залучаються синтаксичні перетворення, які є неминучими при перекладі з мови, що має іншу структуру.

Завдання до теми

1. Переклад тексту виступу з аркуша із застосуванням лінійного перекладу.

Defense Officials Discuss Military Commission Procedures

1. On and after September 11^th, in reporting the number of people who were killed here at the Pentagon, DoD was criticized for being too slow, but we got it right.

2. With respect to the global position device recently found in Afghanistan, DoD got it fast, but now we believe we got it wrong.

3. On the development of the rules for the military commission, DoD has been characterized by some as being slow.

4. The fact is, I have been determined to try to get it right.

5. It is an exceedingly important subject, and it’s important for our country that we do it right.

6. I’ve taken some time, first because I wanted to do it well, but second because we had the time available.

7. No individual has yet been assigned to be tried by military commission.

8. So despite the appetite for speed, it was more important to do it well than to do it fast.

9. Our approach has been based on two important principles.

10. First, the president decided to establish military commissions because he wanted the option of a process that is different from those processes which we already have, namely, the federal court system in the United States and the military court system under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

11. So when people take note of the fact that there are differences with respect to the procedures for the military commissions, they should understand that there is reason for it.

12. Those two systems have different rules and procedures, yet each produces just outcomes. It follows, therefore, that military commission, which will have rules and procedures that are somewhat different from either of those two systems, can also produce just outcomes, despite the differences.

13. An observer who may be more familiar with the federal court system or the military code may try to evaluate the new approach being fashioned for military commissions against what they’re familiar with and then raise questions about the rules and procedures for military commissions.

14. That’s understandable. But I want to be clear from the start.

15. The commissions are intended to be different, and the reason is – is because the president recognized that there had to be differences to deal with the unusual situation we face and that a different approach was needed for that reason, just as was the case during several previous conflicts in our country’s history.

16. Our second guiding principle is related.

17. Observers may be inclined to examine each separate provision and compare it to what they know of the federal criminal court system or the court-martial system, and feel that they might prefer a system that they were more comfortable with.

18. I suggest that no one provision should be evaluated in isolation from the others.

19. If one steps back from examining the procedures provision by provision, and instead drops a plumb line down through the center of them all, we believe that most people will find that taken together, they are fair and balanced and that justice will be served in their application.

20. The general counsel, Jim Haynes, who has spent an enormous amount of time on this subject, and the undersecretary of Defense for Policy – and needless to say, there’s a mixture of legal and political policy questions – are here.

21. They will come up to the podium and respond to technical questions after General Pace and I depart.

22. They’ll review the procedures and answer questions.

23. However, I do want to highlight some of the main provisions.

24. The accused will enjoy a presumption of innocence; will not be required to testify or incriminate themselves at the trial.

25. They will have the ability to discover information and obtain witnesses and evidence needed for the trial and be present at public trial.

26. Cannot be tried for the same offense twice. Will be provided with military defense counsel at government expense, and will also be able to hire defense counsel of their choosing at their expense.

27. Further, proceedings will be open, unless the presiding officer determines it’s necessary to close the proceedings to protect classified or sensitive information, or for another reason; namely, the safety of the trial participants.

Контрольні питання

1. Що таке лінійність перекладу за Г. Мірамом?

2. У чому полягає різниця між лінійним та літературним перекладом?

3. Коли можливо використовувати лінійний переклад у професійній діяльності перекладача?

4. Які фактори полегшують, а які ускладнюють переклад з аркуша?

Література: [2, c. 63–83; 3, c. 32–43].

Практичне заняття № 9

Тема. Поведінка перекладача під час прийомів, візитів, у суспільстві

Мета: соціолінгвістичний аналіз текстів, розвиток навичок перекладу на слух.

Короткі теоретичні відомості

Ринок перекладу в сучасному суспільстві. Роль перекладача як посередника у міжкультурній комунікації. Загальні правила етикету. Тріада усного перекладу: мова, психологія, ерудиція.

Завдання до теми

1. Прослуховування в аудіо запису інтерв’ю з професійними перекладачами.

2. Аналіз інтерв’ю з Брюсом Бегліном, перекладачем ООН, із використанням стенограми фрагментів.

Стенограма фрагментів інтерв’ю

B.B. The experiences before I became an interpreter have been invaluable. I don't think you can be an interpreter without a certain baggage or luggage, if you like, that you carry around, от things that you've learned and forgotten, the way people behave, the things that people know the things that people say, the customs. All these things have been assimilated and when you go to a meeting you bring all that with you. There are only words I know, but interpretation is more than words.

Cor. But how much more? And what are the qualities needed for a good interpreter? We've grown used to seeing the same unnamed faces standing at the shoulder of, say, Reagan or Gorbachev at summit meetings. Without them those leaders would in effect be deaf and dumb. And they rely on them to capture any nuance of their exchanges with absolute accuracy. That's often easier said than done. As we shall hear in this series of conversations with those who've being in the front line of history from the dark days of World War II, through the Cold War and a break-up of the Soviet Union. We begin today with a man who had to exercise his craft through one of the most complicated and bloody conflicts since 1945 — the savage war over the body of former Yugoslavia. The French commander of the UN Forces in Bosnia, General Cotte, spoke virtually no English, the common language of many of his troops and some of his UN superiors. So he was heavily dependent on his interpreter Bruce Boeglin. The qualifications, Boeglin mentioned just now were ideal for this task. His bilingualism was a product of his parentage and his childhood experience.

B.B. I was brought up in the Pyrenees near Pau and you know that Henry the Fourth of France was born in Pau. He was christened with a cup of local red wine and garlic that rubbed on his lips to make quite sure that he had the spirit of the region in upbringing him. And I grew very much in that kind of atmosphere, I used to speak patois, the patois of the Pyrenees, when I was a kid. I was about 4 when I arrived there. It didn't mean that it shut up the English side because that was fine for lunches, but when it came to tea-time, (tea was more or less a religion at home), we also had a radio-set and of course we listened to the BBC short wave. It was awful: the crackling and all that kind of thing...

But we certainly had a taste of England in the middle of the Pyrenees. The war came along, lines were drown. In fact I was told in 1940 that the English were here "taking the bread out of our French mouths, and the English have betrayed us," so 1 was used to that kind of "xenophobism", if I can pronounce the word, that the French had against the British, but when I landed in England I found the same thing existed about the French. So I thought that these are facts of life. And as a result I tried to keep away from interpreting because the interpreter sits in the middle and tries to make one side known to the other. And I was finding that I was giving myself too much to the others whoever they were and needed to build up my own little "niveau", a world of my own. So when in the army I was asked «Would you like to become an interpreter?" I said "Absolutely not. I want to get away from that altogether. Put me in the tank and let me go on my own and leave me alone." And this lasted all through my life.

Britain in those days had seen their troops come back from Dunkirk, but they didn't realize really what the humiliation of the defeat was and having the German occupying your house. That kind of thing. When I spoke to my English friends they just didn't understand what you were talking about. I went to an English school after that and one of the teachers, 5-10 years older than I was, was about to go into the Royal Air Force and he said to me, "You know, Hitler can't win the war! He's never played cricket. No team-spirit." This was shocking to me. I said, "If you knew what's going on the other side of the Atlantic, or the Channel, rather, you really wouldn't be talking like this. It's a very, very serious situation. And really it needs people who really want to give their all." And I found were doing it. And I thought it was one way of repaying for the hospitality.

That I received from France for 12 years and now I was going with them on a crusade, perhaps.

Cor. You said earlier you resisted becoming an interpreter. What made you decide to do so in 1968?

B.B. I went bankrupt in Paris, and I had children at school, a boy of 17, a girl of 13, if I'm not mistaken. And close to 50 years of age, the only outfit that answered me was the United Nations. I seemed to be welcome there. Welcome because I had some training as an engineer and they needed translation, not interpretation... translation of technical subjects. I seemed to fit the bill. For me at that moment it was just a check coming at the end of the month. No idealism, nothing like that.

It was just a way of solving my financial situation. So I came to the UN as a translator. Do you know that translators write, interpreters speak. The translator has all the time in the world, perhaps, the interpreter doesn't. The translator can have his references and consult them; the interpreter can't. The translator takes his work home, when it's not finished; the interpreter must finish when the meeting finishes, etc. Translation for me was really a drudgery, my nature doesn't accept it very easily. Quite honestly I couldn't really live very happily as a translator. And at the end of two years I was told by my superiors that there was a programme going along at the United Nations, being launched whereby translators could train to become interpreters. If you are a translator, you are an erudite, perhaps a slow-thinker, it doesn't matter, but a thorough person. An interpreter has to be quick even if he isn't thorough. From the character standpoint they are completely different people. They thought that anyway the translator could sweat away at his desk all morning and then in the afternoon go zipping through a meeting without a hesitation, without an "amm " or "ar....". It was impossible, but what was possible for me was to say, "I'd rather leave the translation section altogether and go into the interpretation section," which I did. There is some kind of, as we say, mental reactions that have to be trained - to hear and speak at the same time, but evidently I think you are wired for it, meaning that you are born with it like music being able to play the piano. You know, some people can just sit down without training and play the piano. They have a talent for it. And I think interpreting is the same thing.

Cor. What was your the most challenging experience in that time at the UN?

B.B. I've had several. There are two kinds, forgive me for being a little technical here, there are two kinds of interpretation. One is consecutive, when you speak after the speaker, in other words, you've memorized it or taken notes, and you rebuild the speech. It can be a whole speech. And there's another kind called the simultaneous which is you've got earphones on, you hear "Good morning," you say "Bon jour." And the speech goes on, fast or slow, slurred or well-articulated — you follow.

But my most embarrassing moments have been — and then they really have been embarrassing — I've had several times when I was sitting just three people in the room around the table, very important people, in very awkward situations, when one person says to another something that is very close to an insult, and the other person, not speaking English, didn't understand, and I had to interpret looking him in the eyes 3 feet away and very politely telling him the insult. And I could see the red rising from his color right up to the root of his hair. I've done the same thing with another lady ambassador. I found it a very, very awkward moment.

Cor. What advice would you give to new recruits to the profession now?

B.B. Oh, I love this profession so much that I... You know, I do have a school here, in New York and I do have young recruits who come along and I do try to light the fire in them. And tell them how wonderful it is to start this profession. Not only will you find that you are someone who helps another group of people understand the first party, but you will find yourself... you will derive so much enrichment, personal enrichment from it. And you will get such enormous satisfaction in being able to create understanding and to explain things that may have been misunderstood otherwise I don't know any other profession like it and I am still, still at it.

3. Обговорення проблем усного перекладу та професійної етики.