24. The functions of intonation:

• constitutive (it presupposes the integrative function on the one hand when intonation arranges intonation groups into bigger syntactic units: sentences, syntactic wholes and texts)

• delimitative (it manifests itself when intonation divides texts, syntactic wholes and sentences units that is intonation groups).

• distinctive It is realized when intonation serves:

→ to distinguish communicative types of sentences (the communicatively distinctive function)

→ the actual meaning of a sentence (the semantically-distinctive function)

→ the speaker’s attitude to the contents of the sentence, to the listener and to the topic of conversation (the attitudinally-distinctive function)

→ the style of speech (the stylistically distinctive function)

the syntactically distinctive function (one and the same syntactic unit may be divided into a different number of intonation groups. This division may be important for the meaning).

→ the function of differentiating between the theme and the rheme of an utterance.

The rheme is the communicative center of an utterance. The theme is the rest of an utterance.

Each component of intonation has its distinctive function.

25. Rhythm is the regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. It is so typical of an English phrase that the incorrect rhythm betrays the non-English origin of the speaker. The units of the rhythmical structure of an utterance are stress groups or rhythmic groups. The perception of boundaries between rhythmic groups is associated with the stressed syllables or peaks of prominence. Unstressed syllables have a tendency to cling to the preceding stressed syllables — enclitics, or to the following stressed syllables — proclitics. In English, as a rule, only initial unstressed syllables cling to the follow­ing stressed syllable, non-initial unstressed syllables are usually enclitics. Each sense-group of the sentence is pronounced at approximately the same period of time, unstressed syllables are pronounced more rapidly. Proclitics are pronounced faster than enclitics. Rhythm is connected with sentence stress. Under the influence of rhythm words which are normally pronounced with two equally strong stresses may lose one of them, or may have their word stress realized differently, e. g. ,Picca'dilly — ,Piccadilly 'Circus — 'close to ,Picca'dilly

26.Structural, semantic and sound devices for producing rhythmicality. Phonetic devices make impression of rhythmicality and add considerably to the musical quality a poem has when it is read aloud: 1)The rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combination of words. Rhyming words are generally placed at a regular distance from each other. 2)The assonance occurs when a poet introduces imperfect rhymes often employed deliberatly to avoid the jingling sound of a too insistent rhyme pattern. 3)Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound at frequent intervals. 4)Sound symbolism (imitation of the sounds of animals) makes the description very vivid. Structural or syntactical devices indicate the way the whole poem has been built, thus helping the rhythm to fulfil it`s constitutive function.

1)Repetition: poets often repeat single lines or words at intervals to emphasize a particular idea. Pepetition is to be found in poetry which is aiming at special musical effects or when a poet wants us to pay very close attention to something. 2)Syntactical parallelism helps to increase rhythmicality. 3)Inversion, the unusual word order specially chosen to emphasize the logical centre of the phrase. 4)Polysyndeton is syntactical stylistic device which actually stimulates rhythmicality of a poem by the repetition of phrases or intonation groups beginning with the same conjunctions `and` or `or`. Semantic devices- impart high artistic and aesthetic value to any work of art including poetry: 1)Simile is a direct comparison which can be recognized by the use of the words `like` and `as`. 2)Metaphor is a stylistic figure of speech which is rather like simile, except that the comparison is not direct but implied and makes the effect more striking. 3)Intensification is a special choice of words to show the increase of feelings, emotions or actions. 4)Personification occurs when inanimate objects are given a human form or human feelings or actions.