1. Найдите в тексте следующие слова :

собственность, сообщество, правительство, заработная плата, владельцы земли, владельцы фабрик, анархия, безработица, служащий, работодатель, нестабильность, идеология, капитал.

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания, пользуясь текстом:

economic condition, loss of production, government policy, on one hand, on the other hand, economically free, workers health, wages and pensions, location of places of work.

3. Опираясь на текст, переведите следующие словосочетания с глаголами:

to create great difficulties, to exercise freedom, to cause instability, to make the employees work, to protect the interests, to conform to the laws, to build factories, to need the money, to require, to conflict.

4. Укажите правильные и неправильные утверждения, используя: True/False.

1. Economists say that a man is economically free if he can do what he wishes with his own property, time and energy.

2. Governments usually require all individuals to conform to the laws which they make.

3. Complete economic freedom of actions does not create many difficulties.

4. If citizens were completely free, some landowners and factory owners might act in unsatisfactory ways.

5. Complete economic freedom could lead to economic anarchy.

6. Anarchy is satisfactory and desirable thing in any economic system.

7. Laws related to the economic conditions are sometimes concerned with the health of the employers.

8. These laws usually protect the interests of the workers and not the employers.

9. Government policy does not depend on the political and economic ideology of the government.

5. Образуйте существительные и вставьте в предложения:

active equal secure complex mobile liquid solid regular productive similar rapid

ity

1. The system was complex. Its ____surprised him.

2. The movements of the products in the factory was rapid. The ___of the work surprised him.

3. People who have cars are very mobile. This ____is a useful thing.

4. The National Bank has a solid reputation. Its ____in money is similar to the ____of its buildings.

5. The national economy, like a man, should be active. Its ____is a sign of its health.

6. Your money is secure in the National Bank. Its ____is important both to you and to the bankers.

7. The workers in those factories are very productive. Their ____is very useful to the national economy.

8. Those men arrive regularly at nine o'clock. Their ____is well-known.

9. The American and British economic systems are very similar. This ____is not surprising.

10. Those two men earn equal sums of money. They have ____in wages because they produce the same quantity and quality of goods.

11. The exchange of money should be as liquid as possible. The ____of money helps the economy to grow.

Text 5. Labour

Labour is any work performed for an employer at a negotiated rate while profit is the surplus which accumulates as a result of productive work. The employer obtains this surplus after he pays the necessary expense of his business and the wages of his employees. He may be required to share the surplus with others who have provided the capital with which he started his business. Most businesses need capital in order to start productive work, and the capital pays for the accommodation, machinery and other items which the business needs. There is always an element of risk in providing capital and starting a business. The business may not be successful. The employees of the business do not bear this risk, but the employers and the providers of capital do bear it. If the business is successful, the risk has been justified and the invested capital earns part of the profits as a return on the investment.

T

7

he capital which people provide to help new businesses is an accumulation of previous surpluses on previous business activities. In this way the past is used to finance the future. Such capital is accumulated by a deliberate policy of saving surpluses. This policy may be personal and individual, or it may be public and collective. As such, it is common to both the capitalistic and communistic systems. In both systems, a certain part of the profits is 'ploughed back' into the system in order to create capital. In general terms, capital can be defined as (1) a factor of production (for example, machinery or cash); (2) the assets possessed by a person, a company or a nation. Land, houses and shares in a business are capital. In terms of the state, all railways, docks, roads, airports and state funds of money are part of the nation's capital.