THERE V S

Section I. "There VS": Meaning and Function

1

Translate the sen­tences into Russian paying attention to the verbs you can use. What meaning do they have in common?

1. Once there was a beautiful princess called Alice.

2. In Queen Victoria's time there were no aeroplanes.

3. There's something strange about this picture.

4. There are no children in the house.

5. There is another exit at the back.

1. There are some curious creatures in this world.

6. There are high winds sometimes.

7. Right in front of the house there is a swimming pool.

8. There is a small round table in the corner.

9. There was a new cushion on one of the settees.

11. There’s always washing on the line.

12. There were pieces of the plane everywhere.

13. There are wolves in these mountains.

14. There are no flowers by the stream.

15. There is a ferry to the mainland every Friday.

16. In 1989 there was an earthquake in San Francisco.

17. There will be a debate in Parliament next Tuesday.

18. There is a wedding in the church.

19. There was a strange atmosphere in that place.

20. There is a definite warning in this letter.

2

Distribute the sub­jects between the categories set in the table below. What conclusion does the resulting picture suggest?

1. There's some rice and some apples.

2. There is no smoke without fire.

3. There were raindrops on the car.

4. There are two tides every day.

5. There has been little change.

6. There is a stop ahead.

7. Is there a swimming pool or a sauna?

8. There is no date here.

9. There was blood on his coat.

10. There were few visitors to our house.

11. There are working dogs, pet dogs and show dogs.

12. Do you think there is a difference?

13. There were no clues at the scene of the crime.

14. There is gold under the ground.

15. Is there any room in your street for parking?

16. There isn't very much time.

17. There are a few eggs and a little meat.

18. There weren't any girls in the class.

19. There's white sugar and brown sugar.

20. There isn't any milk in the fridge.

21. There are advantages and disadvantages.

22. There is a great deal of dishonesty in advertising.

23. There's a message for you.

24. There was quite a downpour last night.

25. There is research to be done!

	Count nouns		Uncount nouns
	Singular	Plural
Articles (including Ø)
Other determiners
Quantifiers

Section II. "There VS": Grammar

Subject = Noun

Determiners

• Articles with count "event" nouns and uncount "substance" nouns

3

Translate the sen­tences into English. Analyze the use of articles.

1. В церкви идет венчание.

2. На четвертом этаже пожар.

3. В дверь стучат. = Стук в дверь.

4. По телевизору идет эстрадное представление.

5. Через день ходит («есть») паром на континент.

6. Завтра есть рейсы на Вену?

7. На дорогах будут пробки («задержки»)

8. Кажется, сегодня вечером собрание?

9. Насколько я помню, в 7. 30 (по телевизору) викто­рина.

10. Я уверен, произойдет ссора.

11. Будет ли официальный прием?

12. В парламенте состоятся большие дебаты.

13. Последнее время происходит много ограблений.

14. Немало войн бывало между двумя странами.

15. Только что произошло убийство.

16. Произошел несчастный случай.

17. Летом прошлого года в Англии состоялись всеоб­щие выборы.

18. Вчера на факультете был вечер.

19. В штате Индиана на карнавале был устроен кон­курс едоков.

20. В течение ночи несколько раз объявляли тревогу.

21. В баре произошла потасовка.

22. Здесь вчера произошла автомобильная авария,

23. Произошла утечка газа.

24. Отключилось электричество.

25. Наступило молчание.

• Use of singular, plural and collective nouns

4

Define the underlined nouns as count, uncount, singular, plural or collective. Translate them into Russian paying attention to singular-plural correspondences.

A.

1. She went to the shop and bought some fruit: apples, pears and bananas.

2. They always buy the very best and freshest fruit and vegetables.

3. Oranges, bananas and grapes are fruit.

4. Fruit is eaten either raw or cooked.

В.

1. Grapes are dried to make raisins. 2. Strawberries are usually eaten as a dessert with cream.

3. The currants were at their best, clusters of black hanging from the branches.

4. You can use gooseberries to make pies and pud­dings.

5. She served us sliced beef with carrots and pota­toes.

6. He's digging up potatoes in the vegetable garden.

7. He likes mashed potatoes with his stew.

8. Carrots are very cheap — it's good for you to eat carrots.

9. We've got lots of cabbages in the garden. 10. There's a packet of frozen peas.

11. We eat radishes raw in salads.

12. These are onions and tomatoes from our garden.

С.

1. Money doesn't always bring happiness.

2. He doesn't usually carry much money on him.

3. He lost all his money when his business failed.

4. How much cash do you have?

5. You're paying in cash, aren't you?

6. She heard the bad news on the radio.

7. The latest news about our son was a letter a month ago.

8. News travels fast.

9. I've got some good news for you.

10. The NY police are world famous.

11. The police were called.

Quantifiers

• Definite and indefinite numbers

5

Read the sentences out loud. Write down the numbers in words.

1. There are about 1000 pages of sports, financial and other news on Teletext.

2. There are 6.7 m people in London.

3. There are about 250 regular cyclists in London.

4. In Britain there are about 2.5 m people unemployed.

5. In 1983 there were 9700 bicycle accidents.

6. There are about 500 people in a small village called Henfield.

7. There are 156 workers at the factory.

8. On board the plane there are 120 passengers.

9. In the summer there are more than 100 ferry crossings every day between France and Britain.

10. There are 3000 hyacinths and chrysanthemums here.

6

Read the contexts carefully. Then de­scribe the use of COUPLE and DOZEN as definite quantifiers.

A. 1. There are a couple of minor mistakes.

2. I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they do not make a pair.

3. They've been helped by a couple of Washington newspaper reporters.

4. He met her a couple of years ago.

5. Let's go to Paris for a couple of days.

B. 1. There are two dozen eggs in the fridge

2. Can I have a dozen eggs, please?

3. I'll take a dozen (of THEM).

4. He bought three dozen eggs.

5. There are a few dozen grass mats.

6. The drive was cluttered with half a dozen cars.

7. Can I have a half a dozen eggs, please?

8. Can I have a half-dozen, please?

7

Compare the sen­tences with those in exer­cise 5. Make your conclusions about the differences.

1. There are thousands of lonely people in London.

2. There are thousands of different plants in the world that we can eat.

3. There are thousands of miles of railway lines all over the continent.

4. There must be hundreds of people who want to visit Shakespeare's house.

5. There are hundreds of forms to fill in.

6. There are dozens of dresses in her wardrobe.

7. There have been dozens of attempts at reform.

8

Translate the sen­tences into English.

1. На нашем факультете больше 500 студентов.

2. В аудитории стояла пара столов и с десяток стульев.

3. С этим проектом миллион проблем.

4. В этом краю десятки малых и больших озер.

5. В чемодане лежали две рубашки, три пары нижнего белья и две пижамы.

6. В английском языке есть тысячи слов, которые мо­гут быть и существительными и глаголами.

7. В этом словаре 55 тысяч слов.

8. В каждой коробке три десятка яиц.

9. В оранжерее триста тридцать три тысячи гиацинтов и хризантем.

10. На борту самолета было 120 пассажиров.

11. На фирме работает 258 штатных сотрудников. 12. В Британии около четырех миллионов безработных.

13. В Лондоне на 6,7 млн. жителей около 250 тысяч ве­лосипедистов.

14. На собрании было много народу — человек 80 или даже больше.

15. Сотни людей погибли или были ранены во время взрыва.

• A LOT OF/ LOTS OF with count and uncount nouns

9.

Formulate the rule governing the use of A LOT / LOTS OF.

1. There was a lot of water on the roads.

1. There is a lot of research to be done.

2. There is a lot of beautiful countryside here.

3. There was a lot of trouble.

4. There is a lot to see in the British museum.

5. There's lots of soup left.

6. There is lots of money in advertising.

7. There's lots of time!

8. There's lots of nightlife – several bars and a casino.

9. There is still lots of snow in the garden.

B.

1. There are a lot of your shirts in the washing ma­chine.

2. There are a lot of farms in the vicinity.

3. There are a lot of ideas in this book.

4. There are a lot of children's films on because it is school holiday time.

5. There are a lot of letters to write.

6. There are lots of dangerous snakes.

7. There are lots of slang words for money, like "bread" and "dough".

8. There are lots of little jobs round the house.

9. There are lots of ways to meet people in London.

10. There are lots and lots of antique shops in Australia.

• PLENTY OF with count and uncount nouns

COBUILD English Language Dictionary: "If there is plenty of something or if there are plenty of things, there is a large amount of something or a large num­ber of things; often used to indicate that there is enough of something or more than you need."

10.

Fill the gaps with the singular or plural form of BE.

1. There. . . always plenty of jobs to be done.

2. There. . . plenty of eggs in the fridge.

3. There. . . plenty of space for sports and games.

4. There. . . plenty of flights to Cairo.

5. There. . . plenty of time!

6. There. . . plenty of money!

7. There. . . plenty of problems!

8. There. . . plenty of air and light in the room.

9. There. . . plenty of good restaurants where you can eat local specialities.

10. There. . . plenty of cold meats and cheeses in that deli­catessen.

11. There. . . plenty of rubbish in the old shed.

12. There. . . plenty of room at the table. Come and sit down!

• A NUMBER OF versus A GREAT/GOOD DEAL OF / A LARGE AMOUNT OF

11

Choose the correct form of the verb. Translate the sen­tences into Russian.

1. There. . . quite a number of elderly people who can't take a taxi on a regular basis.

2. There. . . a number of contradictions in their foreign policy.

3. There. . . a good deal of confusion about what it means.

4. There. . . been a number of telephone calls today.

5. There. . . a large amount of property he could leave as he chose.

6. There. . . a great deal of dishonesty in advertising.

7. There. . . a great number of reporters at the conference.

8. There. . . a good deal of discrepancy between his de­scription of the fight and yours.

9. There. . . a number of pages on Teletext which give you food prices, traffic reports, the weather forecasts, book and film reviews.

10. As recently as a generation ago there. . . a great deal of ignorance and prejudice about left-handedness.

11. There. . . been a great deal of talk and speculation.

12. There. . . been a number of interruptions in this class.

12

Translate the sentences into English using quantifiers: А LОТ / LOTS / PLENTY OF; SO / ТОО MANY / MUCH; (QUITE) А (GREAT) NUMBER OF; А GOOD / GREAT DEAL OF/ А LARGE AMOUNT OF.

1. На нашем пути немало трудностей.

2. Говорят, в округе водится много оленей, но я не видел ни одного.

3. Сегодня было большое количество телефонных звонков.

4. В работе большое число недочетов.

5. В мире слишком много насилия.

6. В жизни так много тайн.

7. В комнате масса солнечного света и воздуха!

8. Вокруг прав женщин велось множество споров.

9. Бензина предостаточно.

10. Времени у нас полно.

11. К нему относятся с большим предубеждением.

12. В их внешней политике много противоречий.

13. В городе множество антикварных лавочек.

14. На эти товары нет большого спроса.

15. Рейсов на Москву более чем достаточно.

• A LITTLE / LITTLE versus A FEW/FEW

13

Fill the spaces with correct verb forms and appropriate quantifiers. Each phrase in bold type offers a clue.

A.

1. There . . . champagne. Would you like some? 2. There . . . eggs in the fridge. You don't need to go shopping.

3. There . . . bread and cheese — it'll be enough for supper.

4. There . . . chocolates in the box. I thought it was empty.

5. — Is there any fruit in the house?

— Oh yes, there is some. There … … oranges and … apples.

B.

1. There … … cake left, just a very thin slice.

1. There are hardly any vegetables in the house. There . . . very . . . potatoes and only one carrot.

2. There . . . so . . . walnuts that I can't give you any.

3. I'll have to make mash with chicken. There . . . too . . . rice.

4. Are you going past the grocer’s? There … very … butter and practically no margarine.

14.

Translate into English

A.

1. Осталось немного еды.

2. Осталась кое-какая еда.

3. Еда еще оставалась.

4. Еды осталось немного.

5. Еды осталось мало.

6. Еды почти не осталось.

7. Еды не осталось.

8. Еды осталось много.

9. Осталось немного яблок и груш.

10. Осталось много слив. 11. Бананов осталось не очень много. 12. Апельсинов осталось мало. 13. Почти не осталось абрикосов. 14. Вишен не осталось. 15. Остались кое-какие фрукты.

В.

1. Вино осталось?

2. Много вина осталось?

3. Сколько осталось вина?

4. Что, вина совсем не осталось?

5. Пирожные остались?

6. Много пирожных осталось?

7. Сколько пирожных осталось?

8. Пирожных совсем не осталось?

• MORE versus LESS/FEWER

15

Translate the sen­tences into Russian giving special atten­tion to the forms of comparison.

1. There are more people in Britain than in Greece.

2. There are more cars on the road in summer than in win­ter.

3. There are as many different kinds of music as there are different languages.

4. There have been more Americans killed in road acci­dents than in all the wars since 1900.

5. There were more horses on the farm then, than there are now.

6. Do you think there'll be more accidents at nuclear sta­tions in the future?

7. There's less time than I thought.

8. 1 think the Underground has got much worse. There are fewer trains and therefore there's more of a squash.

9. There were no fewer than a hundred cars there.

10. I don't think there's a better vacuum-cleaner on the market.

11. There's more in her refusal than meets the eye.

12. There's a lot more in his book besides music.

• A LOT OF/PLENTY OF versus MUCH / MANY

16

Answer the ques­tions first posi­tively, then nega­tively (where possi­ble!).

Model: a) Yes, there are lots of buses. b) No, there aren't many.

1. Are there many buses to Birmingham?

2. Is there much work to do?

3. Are there many cars in the city centre at rush hour?

4. Is there much traffic late at night?

5. Are there many mistakes in my paper?

6. Is there much chance of success?

7. Are there many boys in your class?

8. Is there much time for anything but work?

9. Are there many cinemas in town?

10. Is there much music in the film?

Attributes

Attribute = -ING / TO-infinitive / Relative clause

17

Join the halves of the sentences. Translate them into Russian.

А.

1. There's only a form

2. There is no reason

3. There are no calls

4. There are no boring people

5. There were no footprints

6. There are a lot of letters

7. There isn't enough evidence

8. There is no need

9. There is a danger

10. There are lots of ways

a) to answer.

2. to talk to.

3. to fill in.

d) to be written.

e) to hurry.

f) to prove the ease.

g) to be seen.

h) to disbelieve him.

i) to meet people in London.

j) to overorganise the children.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

В.

1. There's a taxi

2. There was an oak-tree

3. There was a little boy

4. There's a train

5. There are flames

6. There's somebody's coat

7. There was a kite

8. There were a few people

9. There was a girl

10. There was a revolver

a) water-skiing on the lake.

b) coming out of the window.

3. lying there among the papers.

4. waiting just round the corner.

5. flying high above.

6. growing at the edge of the lane.

7. hurrying home.

h) crying for his mother.

i) hanging in the hall j) leaving just after 9 o'clock.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

С.

1. There are sheep

2. Look! There's a sign

3. There is a young lady

4. There was a time

5. There are some old shops

6. There was one person

7. There are three reasons

8. There's a starry flower

9. There is a station

10. There's a friend of mine

1. who wants to see you.

2. where you can get trains to London.

3. whose name for the moment escapes me.

4. where you can buy local food.

5. who is coming from London.

6. that says Don't Walk.

7. who suffered from a heart complaint.

h) why we should support this action.

i) when this was true. j) which eat seaweed instead of grass.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

18

Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. There's a Mr. Jones to see you

2. Miss Posit, there is a gentleman to see you. Mr. Moore.

3. There's someone to see you.

4. There's a man to see you.

5. There's a lady waiting to see you.

6. There's a young lady who wants to see you, Mr. Poirot.

19

Mark the ТО-infinitive clauses as either A (active), or P (passive).

1. There is no information to justify this conclusion.

2. There wasn't any work to do.

3. There is somebody to see you.

4. There is only a form to fill in.

5. There are no trains to catch, no telephones to answer. . .

6. There is nothing to cause a fever. 7. There is nothing to worry about.

8. There is nobody to think about me.

9. There are no boring people to talk to.

10. There is always something to do in town.

11. There is nothing to see here.

12. There are a few letters to write.

Attribute = Prepositional Phrase

20

Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions.

1. There is no point … going there today. 2. There are several alternatives … your plan. 3. There is no mistake . . . it; he is the biggest fool I've met.

4. There's a good deal of confusion . . . what this notion involves.

5. Honey is delicious — there is no doubt . . . it.

6. There's no fear . . . her coming here; she is in London.

7. There is no prospect . . . more money at the moment.

8. There was an air . . . excitement at the meeting.

9. There is no real benefit . . . me if I do it.

10. Is there any age limit . . . the children who go there?

11. Are there any special advantages . . . us if we follow your plan?

12. There's a strong resemblance … him and her, isn't there?

13. There's a difference … 300 degrees . . . the day and the night.

14. I don't think there's any logical connection . . . the two halves of the question.

15. There has been serious disagreement . . . the political parties . . . this question.

16. There have been several disputes . . . who owns this land.

17. There's a world conspiracy . . . men . . . women.

18. There was a sudden development . . . the situation.

19. There's been an improvement . . . your work this year.

20. There's a fault . . . this building, it isn't safe.

21

Make up sentences by matching their halves. Write out the sentences and trans­late them into Russian.

1. There was no reaction

2. How much similarity is there

3. There are problems

4. There must be some solution

5. There are several differences

6. There's little contact

7. There's certain opposition

8. There're strong arguments

9. Is there any advantage

10. There's little hope

11. There's little agreement

12. Is there any reason

13. There are no signs

14. Is there any chance

15. There's no doubt

1. about what to do.

2. against smoking.

3. of any change.

4. for staying here longer?

5. about the identity of the two signatures.

6. to what I said.

7. with cable television.

h) to this problem.

i) between teachers and parents.

j) of borrowing your typewriter? k) between the two religions.

1) to our proposals.

m) of finding some passengers alive.

n) in doing this project first?

o) between cricket and football?

22

Can you see (and explain!) the difference?

1. a) There's a TV set in the corner. b) There's a telephone on the corner. c) There was a care parked at the corner.

2. a) There is a small window at the top of the tower.

b) There is a flag on top of the tower.

2. a) There are some goldfish at the bottom of the pond.

b) What's there on the bottom of the sea?

2. a) There's a pullover underneath my coat.

b) There was a shelf under the mirror.

2. a) There must be a signature on the back of the form.

b) There was a big file cabinet at the back of the of­fice.

6. a) There were two first-class carriages at the front of the train.

2. There's a telephone number scratched on the front of an old envelope.

3. There was a trap-door in the front of the stage.

7. a) There's a truck right in our way.

2. Be careful - there's a police car ahead.

3. There was a man standing in front of me

6. a) There's a public footpath through the woods.

2. There was a path across a meadow.

2. There's an old castle beyond a small headland.

SVCs

MEANING AND FUNCTION

1

Which of these sentences are used to NAME? to CLASSIFY? to DEFINE? To IDENTIFY? To DESCRIBE?

1. A Rolling pin is a kitchen utensil.

2. This bath is a Jacuzzi.

3. The east window in the church is beautiful.

4. The man in black is my dad.

5. A pine is a tall evergreen tree which has long thin sharp leaves and a fresh smell.

6. An aspen is a tree.

7. This tree is a sycamore.

8. The cake is too moist.

9. China is the world’s leading producer of rice.

10. A small river which runs into a bigger one is a tributary.

11. He is the grandfather of the firm.

12. She is very aggressive and bossy.

13. That was Panama City Beach.

14. The motherland is the country in which you were born and to which you still feel emotionally linked.

15. A crocodile is a reptile.

GRAMMAR

2.

Translate the sen­tences into English. Choose the adjec­tives from lists A and B

A. delicious, exhaustive, gorgeous, juicy, knowledge­able, nasty, oily, sensible, stale, super.

1. Машина потрясающая!

2. Погода отвратительная!

3. Еда вкусная!

4. Персики сочные.

5. Хлеб черствый.

6. Розы роскошные!

7. Помощник весьма знающий.

8. Ответ исчерпывающий!

9. Туфли очень удобные.

10. Пальцы жирные.

B. acceptable, contagious, feasible, friendly, impecca­ble, intelligible, outgoing, plausible, predictable, reli­able, self-reliant, valid, well-groomed.

1. Ваш паспорт действителен до конца года.

2. Этот план неосуществим..

3. Такое решение вполне приемлемо.

4. Объяснение правдоподобно.

5. Его английский безупречен.

6. Эта болезнь заразна.

7. Подпись неразборчива.

8. Газоны хорошо ухожены.

9. Ее поведение непредсказуемо.

10. Она общительна и дружелюбна; он самостоятелен, но надежен.

• Ing adjectives versus -ed adjectives

3

Complete the sen­tences with either -ING or -ED forms

They asked so many questions that I got... confuse

The arguments are not... enough. convince

The boy was becoming increasingly ... depress

The results have been generally ... disappoint

She is too ... to ask her friends. embarrass

Visiting the heart of London was ... excite

The police are definitely ... involve

The children were too ... to move. scare

Her tears were sincere. I felt... touch

Mother has been ... sick! worry

• Prepositional Phrases

4

Fill the gaps with correct prepositions.

A.

1. We are loyal... our friends.

2. Have you been faithful... me?

3. They are proud ... their children.

4. We are fond ... Mary.

5. She is very dear ... us.

6. Are you indifferent … me?

7. I am jealous … him.

8. Are you envious … his success?

9. You should be ashamed … yourself.

В.

1. I am not used ... it.

2. We are accustomed ... noise.

3. This story is new... me.

4. Your taste is similar... mine.

5. Chalk is different... cheese.

6. Don't feel inferior ... anyone.

7. Desire for freedom is common ... all people.

8. The children are so dependent... us.

9. Be independent... others.

1. Are you ready ... a meal?

2. He is eager... more responsibility.

3. Fred is not fit... this job.

4. George is capable ... anything.

5. He is not keen ... swimming.

6. John is good ... chemistry.

7. I am hopeless ... chess.

   8. She is not strong ... languages.

   9. He's not expert... anything.

1. The judge was deaf... our appeal.

2. You are safe ... danger now.

3. I am not happy... your spelling.

4. Don't be hard ... me.

5. I am well aware... the fact.

6. We are conscious ... the danger.

7. Are you convinced ... his honesty?

8. I am busy ... my accounts.

9. We are tired ... this exercise.

5

Choose the right preposition for each case. Some of the adjectives take more than one preposition with (A.) or without (B.) a change of meaning.

A.

1. a) We were impatient... the delay.

b) You are impatient... the child!

2. a) I am just mad ... you for getting me up so early.

b) For years he has been mad ... opera.

3. a) She was upset... losing the money.

b) They were upset... the poverty they saw in India.

4. a) John is anxious ... Mary.

b) Civil servants are anxious ... promotion.

5. a) John is concerned ... Mary.

b) Who is concerned ... this project?

6. a) We are grateful... you.

b) We are grateful... your help.

7. a) I am sorry ... it, darling!

b) I am sorry ... him.

8. a) The situation is clear ... everyone.

b) Are you clear ... the situation?

9. a) I am not familiar... this town.

b) This town is not familiar ... me.

10. a) We can live without clothes, but food and drink are essential... us.

b) Exercise, fresh air and sleep are essential... recovery.

B.

1. I am just mad a) … / b) … you for getting me up so early.

2. Are you angry a) … / b) … us?

3. I am glad a) … / b) … your prize.

4. I was greatly impressed a) … / b) … / c) … her performance.

5. I was ignorant a) … / b) … those facts.

6. We were certain a) … / b) … his support.

7. I feel suspicious a) … / b) … such people.

6

Translate into English using adjectives with prepositions.

A.

1. Она сердита на него.

2. Она стыдится его.

3. Она любит его.

4. Она ревнует его.

5. Она волнуется за него.

6. Она без ума от него.

7. Она дорога ему.

8. Она завидует ему.

9. Она верна ему.

10. Она предана ему.

В.

1. Мой подход схож с вашим.

2. Мы к этому не привыкли.

3. Он на это не способен.

4. Она в этом не сильна.

5. Я не в восторге от его решения.

6. Они относятся к нему с подозрением.

7. Мне их жаль.

   8. Эти пятна мне знакомы.

   9. Нам неясно задание.

10. Не будьте с ним так суровы.

11. Он не подходит на эту должность.

12. Спасибо, вы очень внимательны.

13. Есть будешь?

• To-Infinitive Clauses

7

Match the halves of the sentences.

1. Pleased

2. Don’t be afraid

3. I was almost ashamed

4. He was sad

5. I was happy

6. She would be very glad

7. I am sorry

8. They were very surprised

9. I was thrilled

10. She will be proud

11. He was upset

12. She is determined

1. to tell you this, but...

2. to see her go.

3. to ask questions.

4. to see you again.

5. to face my teacher.

6. to find me there.

7. to meet youl

8. to work half time.

9. to be sitting next to her!

10. to learn of their failure,

11. to do well in life.

1. to serve.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12

FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES

8

Translate the sentences into English.

А.

1. Мне приятно снова видеть старых друзей,

2. Мне боязно оставаться здесь одной.

3. Мне стыдно смотреть ему в глаза.

4. Мне грустно видеть одиноких стариков.

5. Мне жаль с вами расставаться.

B.

1. Я буду рад поговорить с вами.

2. Я полон решимости разобраться с этим.

3. Я был счастлив, увидев его живым и здоровым.

4. Я был огорчён, обнаружив ошибку.

5. Я был удивлён, узнав о его решении.

• DUE versus ABOUT

9

Fill the gaps with DUE or ABOUT.

1. Another 385 people are ... to lose their jobs. 2. The cathedral is ... to be completed in 1997.

3. He is ... to start as a courier shortly.

4. Her father is ... to retire.

5. The committee was ... to meet on 22 August.

6. I was rather glad to be interrupted. You see, they were just... to ask for a loan.

7. Are we ... to be taken over by the machine?

• TOO versus ENOUGH

10

Fill the gaps with TOO or ENOUGH.

1. I think ffiat jacket is ... shabby ... to wear.

2. The children are ... old ... to travel to school on their own.

3. He was ... ill... to go to the party.

4. He is ... young... to understand.

5. If you ask me he is... good... to be true.

6. It was not... far... to walk.

7. We were ... close ... to be able to see their faces.

8. It's ... late ... to have second thoughts.

9. None of the crops was ... ripe ... to eat.

10. Some of these creatures are just... large ... to see with the naked eye.

1. It was hard ... him to make friends.

2. 11

   1. Insert either FOR or OF.

   2. Translate the sentences into Rus­sian.

   It is most unusual... any of our planes to be late.

3. It's very kind ... you to take so much trouble.

4. That's easy ... you to say.

5. It was very good ... you to give me a lift.

6. It was difficult... him to resist the temptation.

7. 3. FOR versus OF

   It wasn't very smart... you to tell them your name.

AS … AS Clauses

12 Look at the sentences carefully and make your conclusions about the use of the AS … AS structure. l. He was as bright as his brother.

2. Jane is not as clever as him.

3. Now he is as lively as the rest.

4. She is as sensible as you are.

5. It is not so hot as yesterday.

6. The room was as crowded as ever.

7. We are not so young as we were.

They aren't as pretty as they used to be. The task wasn't as hard as we'd imagined.

• SO versus SUCH

1. 13

   Use SUCH A in­stead of SO. Make all other necessary changes.

   He is so rude!

2. You are so lucky!

3. The journey was so long!

4. The day was so tiring!

5. The job is so boring!

6. The bus was so crowded!

7. This student is so lazy!

8. The joke was so stupid!

9. The noise is so loud!

10. This sea is so polluted!

• Definite article

14

Complete the sentences using the ad­jectives from the list:

first, last, next, only, right, same, wrong.

1. He was the ... survivor of the crash,.

2. They are the ... people for the job.

3. Are you sure that was the ... decision?

4. Neil Armstrong was the ... man on the moon.

5. I'm afraid that was the ... bus to Leeds today.

6. He is the ... age as his wife.

7. Look at the tablecloth. Is that the ... side?

8. Flying is the ... way to travel!

9. I was the ... person to recover.

   10. What is the ... point on the agenda?

   11. Mother is obviously the ... person to talk to about it.

   12. What a surprise! You're the ... person I expected to see here.

   13. Аге they the ... people we saw here last week?

14.1 was the ... person who called him Billie to his face.

• Attributes

15

Rewrite the sen­tences on the model.

Model:

Our holiday lasted three weeks. → It was a three-week holiday.

1. The woman was 27. She was ...

2. The flight lasted three hours. It was ...

3. The strike lasted four days. It was ...

4. The book has 200 pages. It is ...

5. The boys were ten years old. They were ...

6. The television series has ten parts. It is ...

7. The bottle holds two liters. It is ...

8. Each of the tickets cost ten pounds. They were ...

9. The building has ten storeys (=floors). It is ...

10. This bag of potatoes weighs five kilos. It is ...

11. We walked for five miles. It was ...

    12. I wrote a cheque for fifty dollars. It was ...

    13. Their house has nine rooms. It is ...

    14. The baby is ten months old. It is ...

    15. The conference lasted four days. It was ...

16

Use the noun or noun phrase in the first sentence as an attribute in the sec­ond.

The first item has been done for you.

Model:

My garden has flowers in it. It is a flower garden.

1. That handbook is for students. It is ...

2. She is a psychologist for children. She is ...

3. That food is for dogs. It is ...

4. The soup has vegetables in it. It is ...

5. The building has offices in it. It is ...

6. That handbook is for students. It is ...

7. She is a psychologist for children. She is ...

8. That food is for dogs. It is ...

9. The soup has vegetables in it. It is ...

10. The building has offices in it. It is ...

• Agreement between subject and verb

17

Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. Draughts is/are not so exciting as chess.

2. Diabetes is/are very dangerous.

3. Genetics is/are the study of genes.

4. News is/are information about a recent event.

5. Statistics is/are often misleading.

6. Mathematics is/are too difficult for me.

7. Athletics is/are my favourite sport.

8. Statistics is/are the study of probability.

9. The acoustics of this hall is/are excellent.

10. Money is/are the coins or bank notes that you use when you buy something.

11. Traffic police is/are very polite here.

12. His cattle is/are the finest in this part of England.

13. The clergy is / are the officially appointed leaders of the religious activities of a particular church.

14. Her hair is / are soft and glossy.

15. The staff was / were rude in that hotel.

16. The boat sank but the crew is / are safe.

17. Our family is / are not poor any more.

    18. My family is / are perfectly normal.

    19. The youth is / are young people considered as a group.

    20. The youth was / were more serious than the uncle.

FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES

1. 18

   Translate the sen­tences into English using the SVCs structure.

   Мои часы спешат.

2. Его одежда выглядит опрятно.

3. Их советы всегда полезны. Свинка заразна.

Волосы у нее черные, а глаза—голубые.

6. Полиция еще не осведомлена.

7. Где бинокль?

8. Новость была плохая.

9. Акустика в зале хорошая.

10.Фрукты были совсем спелые.

11 .Этих денег недостаточно.

12.Его успехи в английском удивительны.

• Subject = Pronoun

ONE, ANOTHER, OTHERS AND THE OTHER(S)

84

19

Supply a form of OTHER in the contexts on the right.

1. I got three letters. One was from my father. … one was from my sister. … letter was from my girlfriend.

   2. Look at your hand. There is a total of five fingers. One is your thumb. … is tour index finger. … one is your middle finger. … finger is your ring finger. And … finger (the last of the five) is your little finger.

   3. There are different means of transport. The train is one means of transport. The aeroplane is ...

   4. There are different means of transport. The aeroplane is one. ... are the train, the automobile, and the horse.

   5. There are two women standing on the corner. One is Helen Jansen and ... is Pat Hendricks.

   6. One common preposition is "from". ... common one is "in". ... are "by", "for" and "of'.

   7. Two countries border on the United States. One is Canada.... is Mexico.

   8. One of the countries I would like to visit is Sweden.... is Mexico. Of course, there are a lot of... places I would like to see.

   9. Some people are tall; ... are short.

10.Some people are fat; ... are thin.

11.Some people are short-sighted;... are long-sighted.

12.That country has two basic problems. One is inflation, and ... is the instability of their government.

13.Since I came to the US, I have been to three cities. One is New York, and ... are Washington, D.C., and Chi­cago.

14.There are thirty people in the room. Twenty are from Latin America, ... are from ... countries.

20

Translate from Eng­lish into Russian.

1. The plan looks impressive enough on paper.

2. Things are looking promising at the moment.

3. It looks very suspicious to me.

4. He is only 40 but he looks 50.

5. She looks her age.

6. She looks her best in tweeds.

7. He sounded sloppy and stuffed.

8. His love affair sounded romantic.

9. His love affair sounded improbable.

10. This may sound odd, but.

21

Reconstruct a possible first half of each sentence using either a ‘sensing verb’: TASTE, FEEL, SMELL etc., or SEEM or both.

1. … but in fact it’s very good for you.

2. … but in fact he is rather nice.

3. … but in fact it’s very enjoyable.

4. … but in fact they are poisonous.

5. … but in fact it’s quite safe.

6. … but in fact she’s very gentle.

7. … but in fact it’s no good at all.

8. … but in fact they work very well.

9. … but in fact he is reliable.

10. … but in fact it is old.

FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES

22

Translate into Eng­lish using the link verb GET and the adjectives in brack­ets.

1. Входите, устраивайтесь поудобнее! (comfy)

2. Скорей сушись, а то простудишься. (dry)

3. Ты уже собираешься идти спать? (ready)

4. Ты что, не можешь от них отделаться? (rid of)

5. Займись своим велосипедом, что ли! (busy)

6. Сейчас оденусь и приду., (dressed)

7. Она наверху, переодевается. (changed)

8. Когда устроитесь, я вам покажу город. (settled)

9. Она упаковывается, не мешай ей. (packed)

10. Не промокни! (wet)

23

Read the contexts carefully. Make your conclusions about the use of TURN and GO.

A

1. In the summertime my hair always turns white.

   2. He sank on a chair, gasped, and turned purple in the face.

   3. She turned very pale.

   4. Miss Stoner turned white to the lips.

   5. Her eyes turned green.

   6. He noticed that the leaves were turning yellow.

   7. Last time I saw you it was turning golden ....

   8. The weather suddenly turned hot...

   9. The weather turned much warmer.

   10. My entire body turned cold with fear.

B

2. I. The telephone went dead.

   2. The milk went sour.

   3. The beer has gone flat.

   4. The cheese has gone moulded.

   5. The chocolates have gone stale.

   6. The sauce has gone lumpy.

   7. The fingers have gone sticky.

   8. The man may go blind.

8. Some men go bald very early.

9. The poor old woman went mad.

10. It's a pity he's going so bitter.

11. Jessica felt herself go tense.

12. She went hot and cold with anger.

13. I felt myself go as white as a sheet.

15.1 went scarlet in my turn, and then suddenly we were both laughing.

• Modal auxiliaries

24

Can you see the difference in meaning between a) and b) in each pair of sentences?

1 a) You must be reasonable.

b) You must be hungry.

2. a) You may both be happy.

b) May you both be happy!

3. a) It may not be so late.

b) It can't be so late.

4. a) The shop might not be open now.

b) The shop couldn't be open now.

5. a) He can't be that ill.

b) He can't have been that ill.

6. a) You couldn't possibly be right.

b) You couldn't be more right.

7. a) It could have been a mouse.

b) It could have been a disaster.

8. a) You mustn't fee pessimistic.

b) You needn't be pessimistic.

9. a) You should be more careful.

b) You should have been more careful.

10. a) That must be the reason.

b) That has to be the answer.

25

Put the expres­sions of PROBABI­LITY in the order of "strength".

CERTAIN

↓

UNCERTAIN

1. — There's someone at the door.

• It should be Roger. He promised to come round at about 8 o'clock.

  2. — Who's that at the door?

I — That will be the postman. He always comes at this time.

2. — Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother...

3. Who can that be at the door? Can it be the postman?

It can't be the postman—he has already been here today.

5. —Who's that outside?

• It may be Simon.

:— But it may not be him, because he usually phones first.

5. — There's the doorbell. That must be her now.

• It's about time...

5. (The doorbell rings.)

• Could it be Susan?

• If won't be Susan. She said she would never come here again.

5. — What do you think that noise is?

• It might be a cat.

26
Translate the sen­	1.	Она, должно быть, устала после тяжелого рабоче-­
tences into English		го дня.
choosing the right	2.	Мои часы, скорее всего, отстают.
modal verb: MUST,		Возможно, он и прав.
MAY, MIGHT or	4.	Он явно нетрезв.
COULD.	5.	Я могу опоздать к обеду. 1
	6.	Вы, наверно, муж Клары?
	7.	Не трогай этот гриб. Он может быть поганкой.
	8.	Возьми (на всякий случай) шарф: вдруг вечером
		похолодает.
	9.	Осторожно] Это, наверняка, ловушка.
	10.	Он, вероятно, очень горд сыном.
	11.	Не шевелите ногой. Она может быть сломана
		(есть вероятность, что..!).
	12. Может быть, вам это покажется странным, но...

SVOiOd

TASK 1

Translate the sen­tences with GIVE into Russian.

1. If you get any problems with the car, just give me a call.

2. Can you give me a hand with my luggage?

3. The team gave me a free hand in all additional matters.

4. The boss gave me full control while he was away.

5. We'd love to give you a pay rise, but we are not making enough profit just yet.

6. The company gave 10 workers their notice.

7. I'm sorry we gave you such a hard time.

8. You'd better give yourself an hour to get there.

9. The court gave them the custody of the child.

10. Joe's giving me the use of his office until I can find a place of my own.

11. Greg gave me the low-down on the financial situa­tion before we spoke to our boss.

12. Let me give you an update on the trial.

13. She didn't bother to give it a particular thought.

14. That'11 give you food for thought.

15. It was Harold who gave me the clue.

16. What gave you that idea?

17. I'll give you the point!

18. Give me Bach and Mozart, not these modern com­posers!

19, C'mon honey, give us a kiss!

20. We'll give you the red-carpet treatment.

TASK 2

Fill the gaps with appropriate Ditransitive Verbs.

1. Grannie ... us a wonderful meal.

2. They ... us a Swiss lunch the following day.

3. I could... you an omelette.

4. She ... me a piece of roast pork.

5. He ... me some tea.

6. Her boyfriend ... her a cup of coffee.

7. He went over to the cocktail cabinet and ... me a drink.

8. She ... herself a plate of food.

9. He stood up and ... her his chair.

10. He ... me a detailed plan of the building.

11. The waiter ... us the bill.

12. The doctor ... me absolute quiet.

13. They ... him a seat on a tourist flight.

14. Dad ... us a story and put us to bed.

15. Mum's ... him a sweater.

16. Her husband ... her a diamond ring.

17. I've ... them a long letter.

18. He ... his mother a postcard.

19. The child ... me a tune.

20. The children ... her some flowers.

21. Eddie ... us a temporary windbreak.

22. I’ll ... you everything I know myself.

23 ... the inspector your ticket, Charlie.

24. He ... the dog a bone.

25. He ... them each six cards.

TASK 3

Compare the use of these Ditransitive Verbs in different contexts; find a Rus­sian equivalent

to each case.

1. ALLOW

1. My father allows me some money for books.

2. I can allow you 10% off the price if you pay now.

3. Mrs Pennington allowed herself small indul­gences.

4. She allowed her imagination full play.

2. FORGIVE

1. I lent you £2.50 a month ago; I'll forgive you the 50 p., but I want the £2 back.

2. I find it hard to forgive him his unkindness to Anna.

c) Oh Lord, forgive us our trespasses. 3. GRANT

1. Thank you very much for granting me so much of your valuable time.

2. The authorities have refused to grant him a visa to visit the US.

3. The government granted the prisoner one re­quest.

4. LEAVE

1. He didn't leave her anything in his will.

2. You leave me no choice.

3. We must leave him some escape.

d) Did he leave me a message? 5. OWE

1. They owe her $ 2,000.

2. I owe her everything.

c) He owed her an apology. 6. REFUSE

1. He refused me the book.

2. The authorities refused him a visa.

1. You wouldn't refuse an old friend a favour, would you?

2. The government refused them permission to build here.

7. SAVE

1. Save the rest of us something to eat.

2. This measure would save the government £185 million.

3. He resigned immediately to save them the bother of sacking him.

8. SET

1. Try and set your younger brother a good example.

2. The teacher set them a difficult exam.

c) The new management has set us three aims. 9. SPARE

1. We wouldn't have much coffee, but we can spare you a little.

2. Can you spare me a few minutes today?

3. He wanted to spare you embarrassment.

4. They spared him his life.

10.ТЕАСН

1. Our school taught us discipline and self-respect.

2. Who taught you German?

3. She taught me several card tricks.

4. I'll teach him a good lesson!

TASK 4

The Ditransitive Verbs used below have restricted combinability with Nouns as Direct Objects. Make lists of such Nouns; translate the contexts into Russian.

A.

1. It was her loyalty and support that won me the championship,

2. This speech may have won him the confidence of the voters.

3. That mistake lost us the game.

4. The socialists' tax policies lost them the election.

5. This blunder may cost you your reputation.

6. You thoughtfulness has cost your poor mother many sleepless nights.

7. Her communication skills landed her a job as soon as she finished studying.

8. He's lucky to have secured himself such a good job.

9. That's going to secure him the support of the voters.

10. His eccentricity earned him a useful reputation.

11. His victories earned him the title of 'the Great’.

B.

1. I think I should leave. I feel I’ve caused you enough trouble.

2. The road works caused us a lot of inconvenience as it took longer to get to work.

3. Try to isolate the problems that are causing you the most difficulty.

4. I could have spared myself the trouble.

5. The man's identity is not being revealed to spare him further embarrassment.

6. That will save us a lot of trouble.

7. It saved us so much time and effort.

8. You could save yourself a lot of work if you used a computer.

C.

1. I envy you your nice relaxed lifestyle.

2. I envy him his cheerful good nature.

3. I envy you your good fortune.

4. I don't envy him his bad-tempered wife.

5. I don't envy you your journey in this bad weather.

6. I don't think anyone will begrudge you a few days' break — you've so hard.

7. I do not begrudge her that happiness.

FOCUS ON RUSSIAN-ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCES

TASK 5

Translate the sen­tences into English using the SVOiOd structure.

1. Вызвать Вам такси?

2. Принесите мне счёт, пожалуйста.

3. Передай мне, пожалуйста, ножницы.

4. Не достанешь мне вон тот словарь?

5. Я нарисую тебе план этого района.

6. Порекомендуй мне хорошую гостиницу.

7. Могу предложить Вам вот этот журнал.

8. Отнеси папе газеты.

9. Он вручил мне свою визитную карточку.

10. Врач не выписал ей никаких лекарств.

11. Они оплатили мне дорожные расходы.

12. Он должен мне деньги.

13. Я одолжила ему денег.

14. Не уделишь мне несколько минут?

15. Будьте добры, сделайте мне одолжение.

TASK 6

Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the differences between Russian and English Ditransitive Verbs.

1. Покажи им пример.

2. Хочу задать Вам один вопрос.

3. Завари нам чайку, пожалуйста.

4. Положи мне ещё кусочек.

5. Пожалуйста, купите нам два билета.

6. Оставь мне немного сока.

7. Он не дал мне книгу.

8. Они вернули Вам деньги за покупку?

9. Она поставила мне «отлично».

10. Это сэкономит нам массу времени.

TASK 7

Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the differences between Russian and English

structures.

1. Пожелай мне доброго пути!

2. Они завидуют вашему счастью.

3. Научи меня этому фокусу.

4. Сходи мне за водой.

5. Сколько они с вас взяли?

6. Приготовь нам, пожалуйста, поесть.

7. Ты предложил гостю выпить?

8. Врачи советуют ей больше двигаться.

9. Они отказали ему в визе.

10. Он что-то имеет против вас.

*Indirect object - TO/FOR-phrase

TASK 8.

Use each set of words to make up two sentences where possible.

Model:

I – show – map – Bill:

1. I showed Bill the map.

2. I showed the map to Bill.

1. They – send - $5 – Mr Smith

2. She – buy – ice-cream – each

3. He – give – flowers – her

4. We – offer – it – guest

5. You – write – letter – Auntie

6. I – take – object – policeman

7. They – sell – house – George

8. I – show – something – you

9. Ann – make – cake – mother

10. Boy – throw – ball – goalkeeper

11. You – lend – typewriter – me.

SUBJECT – VERB – DIRECT OBJECT

1. Subject and direct object.

Determiners and quantifiers.

TASK 1. Match each case of the use of Articles with the appropriate definition.

A.

1. Od is the object which the Hearer can identify because it is something of which there is only one in the world.

2. Od is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because it is the only one of the class present in the situation.

3. Od is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because the Speaker has provided a restrictive attribute to specify it.

4. Od is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because the Speaker has already referred to it in the conversation.

5. Od is a particular object of class X which the Hearer cannot identify yet because the

Speaker is mentioning it for the first time.

6. Od is one object of class X, it does not matter which, so neither the Speaker nor Hearer can or need identify it.

7. Od is any object of class X, it does not matter which, so the Hearer need not identify it.

a) Do you know the lady in the middle?

b) Heavy clouds covered the sky.

c) He's bought a (new) car.

d) I'd like a sandwich and a cup of coffee, please.

e) "The Room with a View' got a whole five

Oscars. Have you seen the film?

f) I never forget a face or name.

g) Remember to lock the door!

B.