Introduction to the www and the internet

(Появление www и интернета)

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of top­ics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of in­formational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are con­nected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and serv­ices that are than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information part of the World Wide Web is growing ex­tremely fast. In 1996 there were more that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hard­ware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a, variety of information. Each browser provides a graphi­cal interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file some­where on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING

(Роботы в производстве)

Today most robots are used in manufacturing opera­tions. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories:

1. material handling

2. processing operations

3. assembly and inspection.

Material-handling is the transfer of material and load­ing and unloading of machines. Material-transfer appli­cations require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and un­loading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.

In robotic processing operations, the robot manipu­lates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Exam­ples of such applications include spot welding, continu­ous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of au­tomobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the sur­face of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a ro­tating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

The third application area of industrial robots is as­sembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for ro­bots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for a one-armed robot.

Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour.

MICHAIL LOMONOSOV

(Михаил Ломоносов)

M. V. Lomonosov is justify considered to be the father of Russian science. Many of his scientific discoveries proved to be invaluable contributions to world science, which profoundly influenced the work of the progressive scientists of hit time. It is difficult to enumerate his many-sided scientific activities.

In 1986 the 275 anniversary of his birth was widely celebrated throughout the world.

«Lomonosov was a great man» - Pushkin wrote. «It was he who founded the first Russian University and he himself was our first University». Lomonosov was a complete master of natural science especially in chemistry in physics, and it was with Lomonosov that geology, geochemistry, physical chemistry, mining and many other branches of science began. He took great interest in history and mathematics and he is considered to be the founder of Russian materialistic philosophy. Beside all this Lomonosov is known to have been a poet. His literary works remain the most significant pages of Russian literature, which profoundly influenced the development of Russian poetry. Actually it is with Lomonosov that our Literature began.

Lomonosov attached great importance to the development of the Russian language. He reformed Russian grammar and is known to be the author of the first Russian grammar and the first to use the Russian language in scientific books. In addition to Russian Lomonosov had a perfect command of many foreign languages such as Latin, French, German, and ancient Greek.