- •Reading Tasks
- •Understanding main points.
- •Understanding details. Mark true (t) and false (f) statements according to the text.
- •Vocabulary Tasks.
- •Suggest the Russian equivalents.
- •Individual efforts fell short of success, only limited goals could be attained,
- •Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
- •Match each term with the definition.
- •Act as an interpreter for Parts a and b.
- •Translate into English.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks
- •Understanding main points.
- •Understanding details. True/false statements.
- •Applying for a Job
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •Suggest the Russian equivalents.
- •Complete the sentences, using the text.
- •Translate into English.
- •Over to you
- •Unit II Section a
- •International Trade
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks.
- •1. Understanding main points:
- •2. Understanding details.
- •International Trade
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •1. Suggest the Russian equivalents.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
- •4. Act as an interpreter for parts a and b:
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions and word combinations (on, such as, of, in to, from, by, during, for, with, due to, both, though).
- •6. Translate the following into English.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks
- •Understanding main points.
- •Understanding details. Mark True (t) and False (f) statements according to the text.
- •How to Write Business Letters
- •Complete the sentences, using the text.
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •Suggest the Russian equivalents.
- •Translate the following into English.
- •Over to you: Extra Writing Tasks
- •1. This letter was written after a half year review. Put the sentences forming the body of the letter in the right sequence.
- •2. Read the following information and complete the task. Write about 100-200 words.
- •Unit III Section a Marketing
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks.
- •1. Understanding main points:
- •2. Understanding details. Mark True (t) and False (f) statements according to the text.
- •Brand Names
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •1. Suggest the Russian equivalents.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
- •4. Act as an interpreter for parts a and b:
- •5. Render in English.
- •Over to you:
- •Section b Advertising
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks
- •Understanding main points. Answer the questions:
- •Understanding details. Mark True (t) and False (f) statements according to the text.
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •S uggest the Russian equivalents.
- •Fill in the gaps:
- •Translate the following in Russian.
- •Over to you:
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •1. Understanding main points:
- •2. Understanding details.
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •1. Suggest the Russian equivalents.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
- •Writing Tasks
- •1. Translate the following into English.
- •Over to you:
- •1. Which would you prefer to work for?
- •2. Do you think your response to question 1 is a typical one? Who would you rather work for?
- •Unit IV Section b Crossculture communication
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks.
- •1. Understanding main points:
- •2. Understanding details.
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •1. Read the words and find the odd-one-out.
- •2. Complete each sentence with a phrase from the text.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks.
- •1. Understanding main points:
- •2. Understanding details. Mark True (t) and False (f) statements according to the text.
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •1. Fill in the gaps with the words given below.
- •2. Make sentences using all these words:
- •3. Read 5 questions and match them with the correct answers.
- •4. Match each term with the definition.
- •Over to you:
- •Supply the missing questions for the part of a. Act out the dialogue with a partner.
- •Say which of the following accounts you would prefer and give your reasons:
- •Speak about the new banking services when have been introduced for the last decade. Give examples. Unit II
- •International Financial Institutions
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks.
- •1. Understanding main points:
- •2. Understanding details. Mark True (t) and False (f) statements according to the text.
- •The World Bank
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •1. Suggest the Russian equivalents.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
- •3. Render in English.
- •Over to you:
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading Tasks.
- •1. Understanding main points:
- •2. Understanding details. Mark True (t) and False (f) statements according to the text.
- •Vocabulary Tasks
- •1. Suggest the Russian equivalents.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
- •3. Match each term with the definition.
- •4. Act as an interpreter for parts a and b:
- •5. Render in English.
- •Over to you:
5. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions and word combinations (on, such as, of, in to, from, by, during, for, with, due to, both, though).
Tariffs and quotas are methods (1) ____ restricting imports. Non-tariff barriers, (2) _____ regulations (3) _____ labelling, packaging, and testing, also restrict imports. (4) _____ rare occasions, exports may be taxed or prohibited when the authorities believe that it is (5) _____ the best interest of the country to do so.
(6) _____ order to reduce trade barriers, nations negotiate mutual concessions (7) _____ bilateral or multilateral trade negotiations. When a nation grants a tariff reduction or other trade concession (8)_____ imports (9) _____ a good (10) _____ one country through these negotiations, it automatically extends the concession (11)_____ all other countries (12)_____ whom it extends most-favoured nation treatment.
The only protectionist argument which has received limited approval (13)_____ most economists is the infant industry argument. This argument holds that a country which has the resource endowment (14)_____ a particular industry to be efficient can justifiably protect that industry (15)_____ foreign competition (16)_____ the industry’s early growth period. The assumption is that import restrictions will be removed when the industry matures. This argument may have validity (17)_____ underdeveloped nations but generally has little application (18)_____ developed economies.
Specialization according (19)_____ absolute or comparative advantage means that resources are employed efficiently and total world output increases. Specialization may be complete, especially (20)_____ smaller countries (21)_____ a limited variety (22)_____ resources. But most often specialization is limited. Countries (23)_____ produce and import a specific item. The reason they do not produce enough (24)_____ their needs, even (25)_____ they are capable (26)_____ producing the item, is because (27)_____ increasing costs. Increasing the output (28)_____ the industry would raise costs (29)_____ a limited supply (30)_____ factor inputs. It is resource availability that determines the nature and extent (31)_____ specialization.
6. Translate the following into English.
Несмотря на всю убедительность аргументов в пользу свободной торговли, в действительности на пути свободной торговли стоит большое количество барьеров.
Пошлины являются акцизным надогом на импортные товары; они могут вводиться с целью получения доходов или для защиты. Фискальные пошлины, как правило, применяются в отношении изделий, которые не производятся внутри страны (например, для США это олово, кофе, бананы). Протекционистские пошлины предназначены для защиты местных производителей от иностранной конкуренции. Хотя протекционистские пошлины, как правило, недостаточно высоки для прекращения импорта иностранных товаров, они все же ставят иностранного производителя в невыгодное конкурентное положение при торговле на внутреннем рынке.
С помощью импортных квот устанавливаются максимальные объемы товаров, которые могут быть импортированы за какой-то период времени. Часто импортные квоты выступают более эффективным средством сдерживания международной торговли, чем пошлины. Низкие же импортные квоты полностью запрещают импорт товара сверх определенного количества.
Под нетарифными барьерами понимается система лицензирования, создания неоправданных стандартов качества продукции и его безопасности или просто бюрократические запреты в таможенных процедурах. Так, Япония и европейские страны часто требуют от импортеров получения лицензий. Ограничивая выпуск лицензий, можно эффективно ограничивать импорт. Именно так поступила Великобритания, запретив импорт угля.
Over to you:
What organizations, monitoring and promoting international trade, do you know? Use additional sources of information and make reports about the activity of the WTO, the World Bank, the EBRD and others.
Find the information about various measures different countries take “to protect” their economies. Give examples.
Unit II
Section B
Business Letters