Unit 2 city life
«When you look at a city, it’s like reading the hopes, aspirations,
and pride of everyone who built it. »
Hugh Newell Jacobsen, U.S. architect
Comprehension
Give your comment on the given above saying.
What do you think about big cities?
What are five advantages of living in a big city? What are five disadvantages?
Do you like living in a big or a small city? Do you like visiting a big or a small city? Explain your answers.
Reading
Part I
- Read the following paragraphs, and after each paragraph write its topic and the main idea.
- Make up a summary of the text. Remember that a summary is shorter than the original.
Sick-building syndrome
A |
Elizabeth Stenberg was a healthy 16-year-old student on the tennis team at St. Charles High School, west of Chicago, Illinois. But then she started to have strange health problems. The same thing happened to dozens of teachers and students at the school. They went to doctors for treatment of a number of symptoms such as sore throats, tiredness, headaches, and respiratory (breathing) difficulties. Doctors treated respiratory infections with antibiotics, but the condition didn’t seem to improve, except – mysteriously – on weekends and over vacations, when the symptoms disappeared. Experts came to investigate and find the cause. The discovered that St. Charles High, like thousands of other schools and office buildings nationwide, is “sick building” – in other words, a building that creates its own indoor air pollution. |
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Topic:____________________________________________________________
Main idea: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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B |
People have worried about smog for many years, and the government has spent billions of dollars to try to clean up the air of big cities. But now we find that there is no escape from unhealthy air. Recent studies have shown that air inside many homes, office buildings, and schools is full of pollutants: chemicals, mold, bacteria, smoke, and gases. These pollutants are causing a group of unpleasant and dangerous symptoms that experts call “sick-building syndrome”. First discovered in 1982, sick-building syndrome most often includes symptoms similar to those of the flu (watering eyes, headaches, and so on) and respiratory infections such as tonsillitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. |
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Topic:____________________________________________________________
Main idea: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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C |
Although most common in office buildings and schools, the indoor pollution that causes sick-building syndrome can also occur in houses. Imagine a typical home. The people who live there burn oil, wood, or gas for cooking and heating. They might smoke cigarettes, pipes, or cigars. They use chemicals for cleaning. They use products made of particleboard, which is an inexpensive kind of board made of very small pieces wood held together with a chemical. They use products such as computers, fax machines, and copiers that are made of plastic. These products give off chemicals that we can’t see, but we do breathe them in. in some homes, carbon monoxide from cars in the garage can enter the house. And in many areas, the ground under the building might send a dangerous gas called radon into the home. The people in the house are breathing in a “chemical soup”. |
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Topic:____________________________________________________________
Main idea: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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D |
Then what causes sick-building syndrome in an office building or school, where people don’t smoke or burn oil, wood, or gas? Experts have discovered several sources of sick-building syndrome; among these are mold and bacteria, synthetic products, and lack of ventilation – or the movement of fresh air into and out of the building. In many buildings, rain has leaked in and caused water damage to walls and carpets. This allows mold and bacteria to grow. Synthetic (that is, man-made) products such as paint, carpeting, and furniture can be found in all offices and schools. These products release toxic (poisonous) chemicals into the air. Perhaps the most common cause of sick-building syndrome, however, is lack of ventilation. Most modern office buildings are tightly sealed; in other words, the windows don’s open, so fresh air doesn’t enter the building. In a building with mold, bacteria, or toxic chemicals, lack of ventilation makes the situation more serious. |
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Topic:____________________________________________________________
Main idea: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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E |
There are several solutions to the problem of sick-building syndrome; the most important of these is cleaning the building. First, of course, experts must determine the specific cause in any one building. Then workers probably need to take out carpets, wall paper, and ceiling tiles in order to remove mold and bacteria. Also, they need to clean out air conditioning system and completely rebuild the system of ventilation. They should remove synthetic products and bring in natural products, instead, if they are available. |
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Topic:____________________________________________________________
Main idea: _________________________________________________________
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F |
All of this sounds difficult and expensive. But there is another possible solution that is simple and inexpensive. NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) was trying to find ways to clean the air in space stations. One scientist with NASA discovered that houseplants actually remove pollutants from the air. Certain plants seem to do this better than others. Spider plants, for example, appear to do the best job. Even defoliated plants (without leaves) worked well! In another study, scientists found that the chemical interaction among soil, roots, and leaves works to remove pollutants. |
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Topic:____________________________________________________________
Main idea: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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G |
This seems like a good solution, but we don’t know enough yet. There are many questions. For instance, which pollutants can plants remove? Which can’t they remove? How many plants are necessary to clean the air in a room – one or two or a whole forest of plants? When are we able to answer these questions, we might find that plants offer an important pollution-control system for the 21st century. |
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Topic:____________________________________________________________
Main idea: _________________________________________________________
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Answer the following questions:
Have you ever experienced sick-building syndrome? If so, what were your symptoms?
In your opinion, why wasn’t sick-building syndrome a problem in the past?
Is there a problem with smog in your city? When is it the worst? What are the causes?
Look back at the text to find the meaning of the following pronouns. What does each pronoun refer to?
1 |
they (Paragraph A, line 4) |
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2 |
they (Paragraph C, line 26, twice) |
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3 |
them (Paragraph C, line 31) |
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4 |
these (Paragraph D, line 37) |
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5 |
these (Paragraph E, line 50) |
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6 |
they (Paragraph E, line 53) |
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7 |
they (Paragraph G, line 73) |
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Part II
1.Previewing the topic. Read the information. Then in small groups, answer the questions that follow.
In the United States, before the 1940s, most people lived in cities and town, or on farms. If they weren’t farmers, they built their houses close to town centers because they wanted to be near shops, schools, and jobs. But, in 1940s, more people started to buy cars. With cars, people traveled everywhere easily, so they didn’t need to live close to city or town centers anymore. People who worked in cities moved out of the cities to nearby areas. Suburbs began to grow.
In the years that followed, more and more suburbs grew around cities. They grew so much that they touched each other and there were no more large nature areas between them. They are still growing. We use the phrase ‘suburban sprawl’ to describe an area where many suburbs or towns touch each other.
Where did people like to live in the early 1900s? Why?
Where did many people begin to move in the 1940s? Why were they able to move there?
What used to be between cities?
What is often between cities now?
Do you have suburban sprawl where you live now?
Can you think of places that have suburban sprawl?
2.Previewing vocabulary: Read the sentences. Use the underlined words to complete the definitions that follow. The first one has been done for you.
Hal has an acre of land behind his house. There is enough space for about four more houses.
One benefit to living in the country is that it is usually quieter than a city.
If they cut down the forest to build new houses, many of the birds will disappear.
Town centers usually include banks, shops, schools, post offices, and restaurants.
My dad loves to take his dogs for walks on the open land near his house.
Many people live in the suburbs but walk in cities.
In the area around Los Angeles, it is difficult to know where one town ends and another town begins because there is a lot of suburban sprawl.
I love urban areas. I’ve lived in London, Tokyo, and Chicago.
Urban areas are cities.
___________ are areas with houses, just outside cities.
If things ___________, they are not there anymore.
____________ happens when suburbs and towns grow into each other.
To ____________ means to have as a part of.
An ________ is a measure of land; it equals 43,560 square feet.
A ____________ is a good thing or good result.
__________has few or no buildings on it.
3.Reading the text. The following brochure is from Greenbelt Alliance, an organization in the San Francisco Bay Area. This group of people is working to save a ‘greenbelt.’ What do you think a greenbelt is? Discuss this question with a partner. Then read the brochure to see if your answers are correct.