1. Дайте ответ на следующие вопросы.

1. Имена каких великих учёных упомянуты в тексте?

2. Какой вклад внесли они в развитие систем счисления?

3. Какие системы счисления использовались до нашей эры?

4. О каких странах и народах идет речь?

5. Какое счетное устройство было первым в истории человечества?

6. Какое изобретение считается одним из важнейших?

7. Каким образом начали развиваться математические науки?

2. Напишите значение слов, которые Вы запомнили.

Device, to mention, to perform, digit, to represent, to note, to evolve, to derive, a number of, to include, to arrange, to suggest, toexplaine, event, change, to become (became, become), common, relation, to appear, prime, to divide, advanced, own, to depict, to indicate, to employ, computations, to contain, to arrange, to utilize, figure, calculus, base.

TOPIC 2. MORLAND'S MULTIPLYING CALCULATOR.

1.Определите значения следующих слов и словосочетаний без словаря:

Mechanical calculator, electronic calculator, popular machine, engineering problem, mathematics, special interest, antique, result, method, construct, scale, sine, cosine, tangent, commercial, quarter, mile, ,variation, barometer, press.

2. Выберите русский эквивалент английским словам.

1) accompany 1) второй

2) state 2) гений

3) triangle 3) государство

4) produce 4) знакомый

5) second 5) изобретение

6) familiar 6) информация

7) genius 7) круг

8) fraction 8) номер

9) invention 9) производить

10) publish 10) публиковать

11) data 11) сопровождать

12) compare 12) сравнивать

13) number 13) треугольник

14) circle 14) частица (доля)

15) private 15) частный

3. Напишите значение слов, которые Вы знаете:

After, like (наречие), first (числ.), to add – addition – adding, to subtract – subtraction – subtracting, device, time, to invent, to lead (led, led), to arrange – arrangement, single, sometimes, to find (found, found), to give (gave, given), of course, such, angle, success, to hear (heard, heard), to include – including, now, to speak (spoke, spoken), speech, to design – designer, great – the greatest, king.

TEXT.

Active Vocabulary:

to intend for – предназначать

far less familiar – намного менее известный

to consume – занимать

«Perpetual Almanach» - «Вечный календарь»

snuffbox – табакерка

sundials – солнечные часы

«Napier’s Bones» - «палочки Непера»

strips of wood or bone – палочки из дерева или кости

to lay (laid, laid) – располагать

in the right way – нужным образом

to scale – определять масштаб

graduated rods – градуированные рейки

read (read, read) off – считывать

to look around – искать

smth. with more popular appeal – что-то что бы понравилось широкой

публике

gear wheels – зубчатые колёсики

by the reverse – (зд.) наоборот

clockwise – против часовой стрелки

forerunner – предшественник

in full stride – в полном разгаре

speaking trumpet – рупор, громкоговоритель

anchor – якорь

pawl – кабестан (цепь для поднятия тяжёлых якорей)

fascinating gadgets – очаровательные приспособления

to toast – жарить

raising water – поднятие водыto drain mines –осушение шахт

The second mechanical calculator known to us was produced by Englishman Samuel Morland (1925 - 1695), about 20 years after Pascal’s. Like Pascal’s, Morland’s first device was also intended for adding and subtracting.

Like Pascal, though far less familiar today, Morland was a man of abroad genius and his calculating devices consumed only a fraction of his time and interest. He had a special interest in the arrangement of numbers, and in 1650 he published a «Perpetual Almanach» on a single sheet; it’s sometimes found engraved on antique snuffboxes and sundials.

Morland’s first invention derived from Napier’s. In 1617 John Napier invented a calculating device known as «Napier’s Bones»», an arrangement of numbers written on strips of wood or bone which, laid together in the right way, led to the desired result. It provided a method of constructing triangles to scale from given data by using graduated rods and circles. Since, consine and tangent of any angle could be read off the machine. Of course such a machine could not be a commercial success, so Morland looked around for something with more popular appeal.

Morland had heard about Pascal’s machine and constructed an adding and subtracting machine with gear wheels operated by a stylus. Addition was performed by turning the wheels clockwise by the reverse. Only four inches by three inches and less than a quarter of an inch thick, this was in some ways the forerunner of the electronic pocket calculator.

But more was to come, including a Multiplying Calculator in 1673. Morland was now in full stride as an inventor. He designed a speaking trumpet that carried speech almost three miles. He was involved in the development of a private printing press for the king, designed a variation of the barometer, and developed a method to weigh anchors that used a pawl to prevent the anchor from running away. His home in Kennington near London was full of fascinating gadgets, such as a mechanical rotisserie he used to toast meat and eggs.

These inventions were not so important compared to his contribution in the area of one of the greatest engineering problems of the day: raising water to drain mines and supply homes.