Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Набережночелнинский филиал Института экономики, управления и права (г. Казань)
Кафедра иностранных языков Учебное пособие для самостоятельной работы
по дисциплине «Английский язык» для студентов экономического факультета
г. Набережные Челны 2005
Аннотация
Данное учебное пособие поможет студентам вырабатывать навыки работы с литературой по специальности, расширит их словарный запас, поможет усвоить специальную терминологию, а также углубить знания тем, изучаемых в рамках аудиторных занятий.
Пособие предназначено для самостоятельной работы студентов экономических вузов как во время занятий, так и вне их.
Предисловие
Разработка данного учебного пособия связана с отсутствием такого в нашем институте, а также с тем, что самостоятельная работа студентов необходима им для выработки навыков работы с литературой по специальности, расширением словарного запаса, усвоением специальной терминологии, а также углубления знаний, полученных на занятиях с преподавателем.
Задачи данного пособия заключаются в том, чтобы студенты, самостоятельно изучив и проработав материал текстов, получили определенный объем знаний лексики, грамматики и фактического материала по экономическим вопросам.
Использованные в пособии тексты и упражнения к ним помогут достичь хороших результатов.
Настоящее пособие предназначено для самостоятельной работы студентов экономического факультета неязыковых вузов, но его также можно использовать и во время аудиторных занятий.
Авторы тексты для чтения с заданиями
A SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
A business may be privately owned in three different forms. These forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. The sole proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. For example, more than 80 per cent of all businesses in the United States are sole proprietorships.
But it is evident that sole proprietorships do not do the greatest volume of business. They account for only 16 per cent of all business receipts, for example, in America. What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? First of all, service industries such as laundromats, beauty shops, different repair shops, restaurants.
Vocabulary
business дело, предприятие
to own владеть
sole proprietorship частная собственность
partnership партнерство
corporation корпорация
volume объем
receipts денежные поступления
service industry сфера обслуживания
to account for объяснять, отчитывать
repair shop мастерская
I. Закончите предложение в соответствии с основной темой.
This text is about …
a) how an owner of a sole proprietorship runs it;
b) three forms of privately owned business;
c) the sole proprietorships, the most common form of business which are likely to be in service industries.
II. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста.
a) The term “a sole proprietorship” refers to a business owned by an individual;
b) A sole proprietorship is the most common form in countries with market economies;
c) Sole proprietorships don’t do the greatest volume of business.
III. Выберите вариант завершения предложения в соответствии с текстом.
It is evident that …
a) sole proprietorships do the greatest volume of business;
b) sole proprietorships are likely to be in service industries;
c) sole proprietorships don’t do the greatest volume of business.
IV. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
Sole proprietorships … for only sixteen per cent of all business receipts.
a) has accounted;
b) accounted;
c) account.
V. Выберите английский эквивалент данным словам.
1) объем, количество 2) мастерская
a) amount; a) service center;
b) number; b) repair shop;
c) volume; c) workshop;
3) владеть 4) предприятие, дело
a) to have; a) proprietorship;
b) to own; b) business;
c) to possess; c) factory.
VI. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.
I must learn … the responsibilities of going … business.
a) for, into;
b) about, into;
c) of, in.
VII. Выберите правильный вариант перевода.
You can put your policies into effect quickly.
a) Вы можете быстро достичь успеха;
b) Вы можете применять свою политику эффективно;
c) Ваша политика может быстро стать эффективной.
PARTNERSHIPS
A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability they are called general partners. If partners have limited liability they are limited partners. There may be a silent partner as well – a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management. The reverse of the silent partner is the secret partner – a person who takes part in management but who is not known to the public.
Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in such professional fields as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and stockbrokerage. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.
Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships if one needs a big capital or diversified management. Like sole proprietorship they are easy to form and often get tax benefits from the government.
Partnerships have certain disadvantages too. One is unlimited liability. It means that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legally responsible for the whole business. Another disadvantage is that partners may disagree with each other.
Vocabulry
partnership партнерство
to carry on a business вести дело
profit прибыль
general partner общий партнер
limited partner партнер с огран. юрид. ответственностью
silent partner партнер без права голоса
secret partner секретный партнер
law юриспруденция
insurance страхование
stockbrokerage биржевое маклерство
real estate недвижимость
oil prospecting добыча нефти
quarrying industries добывающие промышленности
advantage преимущество
disadvantage недостаток
to be legally responsible быть юридически ответственным
I. Закончите предложение в соответствии с основной темой.
The text is about …
a) the differences between partnerships and sole proprietorships;
b) similarities between partnerships and sole proprietorships;
c) what a partnership is, its structure, its advantages and disadvantages.
II. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста.
a) Limited partnerships are a rare form of ownership in real estate, quarrying industries, etc.
b) Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in services industries;
c) Limited partnerships is a common form of ownership in real estate, quarrying industries, etc.
III. Выберите вариант завершения предложения в соответствии с текстом.
There may be a silent partner …
a) a person who is not known to the public;
b) a person who is known to the public;
c) a person who has unlimited liability.
IV. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
Any business … the form of the partnership in law, medicine, accounting.
a) must have;
b) has;
c) may have.
V. Выберите английский эквивалент данным словам.
1) ассоциация 2) вести дело
a) organization; a) to run a business;
b) society; b) to carry on a business;
c) association; c) to have a matter;
3) прибыль 4) полномочие
a) benefit; a) right;
b) income; b) authority;
c) profit; c) power.
VI. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.
A silent partner is a person who is known … the public as a member … the firm but … authority in management.
a) for, like, with;
b) in, at, without;
c) to, of, without.
VII. Выберите правильный вариант перевода.
It means that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legally responsible for the whole business.
a) Это означает, что один партнер отвечает за часть долгов и несет ответственность за свою долю бизнеса;
b) Это означает, что один партнер отвечает за производство, а другой несет юридическую ответственность за долги;
c) Это означает, что каждый партнер отвечает за все долги и юридически ответственен за весь бизнес.
CORPORATIONS
A business corporation is an institution for the purpose of making profit. It is operated by individuals. Their shares of ownership are represented by stock certificates. A person who owns a stock certificate is called a stockholder.
There are several advantages of the corporate form of ownership. The first is the ability to attract financial resources. The next advantage is that if the corporation attracts a large amount of capital it can invest it in plants, equipment and research. And the third advantage is that a corporation can offer higher salaries and attract talented managers and specialists.
The privately owned business corporation is one type of corporation. There are some other types too. Educational, religious, charitable institutions can also incorporate. Usually such corporation does not issue stock and is nonprofit. If there is a profit, it is reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private stockholders.
In some western countries cities, states, federal government and special agencies can establish governmental corporations. A few examples of these governmental corporations are state universities, state hospitals and city owned utilities. Governmental corporations are nonprofit as a rule and usually they do not issue stock certificates.
Vocabulary
corporation корпорация
to establish учреждать
stock certificate акция
stockholder акционер
to attract financial resources привлекать финансовые ресурсы
to offer high salaries предлагать высокие зарплаты
educational образовательные, религиозные
charitable institutions благотворительные учреждения
to issue stock выпускать акции
nonprofit неприбыльный
to reinvest вкладывать еще раз
I. Закончите предложение в соответствии с темой.
The text is about …
a) advantages and disadvantages of corporations;
b) comparison of advantages and disadvantages between partnerships and corporations;
c) what types of corporations are, their advantages and disadvantages.
II. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста.
a) A business corporation is an association of a group of people to carry on a business for profit;
b) A business corporation is an institution established for the purpose of making profit;
c) A business corporation is a company organized for production of goods or services.
III. Выберите вариант завершения предложения в соответствии с текстом.
If there is a profit …
a) it is distributed to private stock holders;
b) it is distributed among members of Board of Directors;
c) it is reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private stockholders.
IV. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
Usually such corporation … stock and … nonprofit.
a) do not issue, are;
b) doesn’t issue, is;
c) didn’t issue, was.
V. Выберите английский эквивалент данным словам.
1) тип 2) учреждение
a) person; a) institute;
b) sort; b) institution;
c) type; c) office;
3) образование 4) устанавливать, основывать
a) training; a) to establish;
b) education; b) to set;
c) instruction; c) to stand.
VI. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.
Their share … ownership are presented … stock certificates.
a) by, of;
b) of, by;
c) in, to.
VII. Согласитесь или не согласитесь с утверждениями. Неверные утверждения сделайте верными.
a) Educational, religious, charitable institutions cannot be incorporated;
b) Governmental corporations are profitable as a rule;
c) Business corporations are established for the purpose of making profit.
ACCOUNTING
Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firm’s financial condition. Accounting records give a very important data. It is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, banks and government.
Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spend by the company.
One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firm’s operating efficiency.
The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.
Vocabulary
accounting бухгалтерский учёт
record документ, запись, протокол
to record записывать, регистрировать
to measure измерять
transaction сделка, (банковская) операция
firm’s financial condition финансовое положение фирмы
to provide data обеспечивать данными
creditor кредитор
independent независимый
income statement отчёт о доходах
balance sheet балансовый отчёт
to receive получать
to spend тратить
ratio analysis анализ коэффициентов
profitability прибыльность
return on investment ratio коэффициент возвращения инвестиций
efficiency эффективность, производительность
to evaluate оценивать
value ценность, стоимость
ownership собственность
overall financial structure полная финансовая структура
I. Закончите предложение в соответствии с темой текста.
The text is about … .
a) accountants who are responsible of developing economic policy of a company;
b) the importance of accounting data for the management of a company;
c) why accounting is necessary for the activity of a business and the most important types of accounting documents.
II. Выберите предложения, соответствующие содержанию текста.
a) The income statement and balance sheet show how money was spent by the company;
b) The income statement and balance sheet show how money was received by the company;
c) The income statement and balance sheet show how money was received and spent by the company.
III. Выберите вариант завершения предложения в соответствии с текстом.
In finance we operate with … .
a) decimal fractions;
b) three main categories of ratios;
c) large sums of money.
IV. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
Accounting data … … by management, banks, stock holders and government.
a) uses
b) is using
c) is used
V. Выберите английские эквиваленты данным словам.
1) готовить 2) основной
a) to cook; a) main;
b) to make; b) important;
c) to prepare; c) necessary;
3) отчет 4) цифра
a) a record; a) a number;
b) a statement; b) a figure;
c) a measure; c) a row.
VI. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.
Ratio … analysis is a major tool … the analysis … accounting records.
a) -, of, for
b) of, on, of
c) -, for, of
VII. Согласитесь или не согласитесь с утверждениями. Неверные утверждения исправьте в соответствии с текстом.
a) Most businesses prepare the three types of records;
b) The first set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities helping to measure of a firm’s operating efficiency;
c) The third set of ratios analyses the value of the ownership of the company.
CORPORATE FINANCE
Corporations need financing for the purchase of assets and the payment of expenses. The corporations can issue shares in exchange for money or property. Sometimes it is called as equity funding. The holders of the shares form the ownership of the company. Each share is represented by a stock certificate, which is negotiable. It means that one can buy and sell it. The value of a share is determined by the net assets divided by the total number of shares outstanding. The value of the share also depends on the success of the company. The greater the success, the more value the shares have.
A corporation can also get capital by borrowing. It is called debt funding. If a corporation borrows money, they give notes or bonds. They are also negotiable. But the interest has to be paid out whether business is profitable or not.
When running the corporation, management must consider both the outflow and inflow of capital. The outflow is formed by the purchase of inventory and supplies, payment of salaries. The inflow is formed by the sale of goods and services. In the long run the inflow must be greater than the outflow. It results in a profit:. In addition, a company must deduct its costs, expenses, losses on bad debts, interest on borrowed capital and other items. It helps to determine if the financial management has been profitable. The amount of risk involved is also an important factor. It determines the fund raising and it shows if a particular corporation is a good investment.
Vocabulary
purchase покупка, купля, приобретение
payment of expenses оплата расходов
property собственность, имущество
equity funding акционерный (долевой) способ образования денежного фонда предприятия
debt funding образование денежного фонда предприятия с помощью займа
holders of the shares держатели акций
stock certificate сертификат акции
negotiable оборотный, могущий быть переуступленным, купленным, проданным
net assets стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств
bond долговое обязательство, облигация
note (здесь) долговая расписка
interest доля, фиксированный процент
to pay out выплачивать
to run a corporation руководить корпорацией
inflow приток (здесь денег)
outflow утечка (здесь денег)
inventory материально-производственные запасы, инвентарь
supplies ресурсы
debt долг
goods товары
I. Выберите предложения соответствующее содержанию текста.
a) A corporation can get capital by borrowing;
b) A corporation can get capital by selling its products;
c) A corporation can get capital by issuing shares.
II. Выберите вариант начала предложения в соответствии с текстом.
… funding is a financing formed by borrowing.
a) equity
b) bond
c) debt
III. Согласитесь или не согласитесь с утверждениями. Неверные утверждения сделайте верными.
a) Management must think only about the outflow;
b) The value of a share is determined by the net assets added to the total number of shares outstanding;
c) In a long run the inflow must be greater than the outflow.
IV. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
They … much money and they … to pay a big interest.
a) have borrowed, had;
b) has borrowed, has;
c) have borrowed, have.
V. Выберите английский эквивалент следующих слов.
1) exchange 2) expense
a) изменение; a) дорогой;
b) обмен; b) расход;
c) оборот; c) приход;
3) to run 4) capital
a) действовать; a) деньги;
b) управлять; b) сумма;
с) направлять; c) капитал.
VI. Выберите необходимое слово и вставьте его в предложение.
The holders of the shares form the … of the company.
a) real estate;
b) property;
c) ownership.
VII. Выберите правильный вариант перевода.
When running the corporation, management must consider both the outflow and the inflow.
a) Думая о корпорации, руководство должно обратить внимание как на прибыль, так и на отток активов;
b) Работая на предприятии, руководство рассматривает и решает проблемы денежных средств;
c) Управляя корпорацией, руководство должно думать как о притоке, так и об оттоке денежных средств.
8. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.
The outflow is formed … the purchase … inventory … supplies, payment … salaries.
a) of, by, and, of;
b) by, of, and, of;
c) of, of, by, and.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT and PLANNING
The number of new products coming into the market of western countries every year is overwhelming. The major part of these products is not new, but adaptations. It means that these products are not new, they are existing items to which a modification has been made. Only few products are really original or innovations. For instance a clock-television is an adaptation, but TV-set itself, the refrigerator - each was an innovation. A great number of innovations and adaptations are designed, produced and marketed by small businesses. Very often a new product is formed on the basis of the new business. Sometimes there is a patent to make the business more successful. But it happens very often that market research hasn’t been done carefully.
Even in case larger scale producers do more research and testing there is no sure success. A promising new product may be also robbed of success by unreasonable prices, inadequate promotion and poor selling methods. Generally less than one fifth of all new products turns out to be profitable.
Vocabulary
product development развитие производства
adaptation что-либо переделанное, приспособленное
modification модификация, видоизменение
innovation нововведение, новшество
patent патент
large scale producer крупный производитель
promising product перспективный продукт
unreasonable price неразумная цена
inadequate недостаточный, не соответствующий требованиям
I. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста.
Adaptations are existing items to which a modification has been made.
Those products aren’t original, they are adaptations.
If the price is reasonable, the product will be sold out.
II. Выберите вариант завершения предложения, соответствующий содержанию текста.
One fifth of all new products … .
is sold out immediately.
is of great success and makes a profit.
turns out to be profitable.
III. Согласитесь или не согласитесь с утверждениями. Неверные утверждения сделайте верными.
A promising new product may be robbed of success.
The major part of products aren’t new but adaptations.
A new product is usually formed on the bases of new technologies and materials.
IV. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
Adaptations are existing items to which a modification …
were made
are made
has been made
V. Выберите английский эквивалент следующих слов.
to overwhelm 2) carefully 3) to rob 4) unreasonable
забрасывать а) спокойно а) достигать а) неразумный
b) ошеломлять b) тщательно b) грабить b) глупый
c) выпускать c) небрежно c) занимать c) беспричинный
VI. Выберите необходимое слово и вставьте его в предложение.
The number of new products coming into the market every year is … .
increasing
decreasing
overwhelming
VII. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо.
The major part … these products is not new, … adaptations.
for, and
by, except
of, but
VIII. Выберите правильный вариант перевода.
Generally less than one fifth of all new products turns out to be profitable.
В частности более чем одна пятая всех новых продуктов является прибыльной.
В общем более чем одна пятая всех новых продуктов производится ради прибыли.
В общем менее чем одна пятая всех новых продуктов оказывается прибыльной.
WHAT’S MARKETING
Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.
The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer’s dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centres has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.
Vocabulary
producer производитель
consumer потребитель
user потребитель
distribution сбыт, распределение
marketing продажа, сбыт, маркетинг
transporting транспортировка
storing складирование, хранение
storage хранение
product planning разработка новых продуктов
pricing калькуляция цен
promotion содействие в продаже (какого-либо товара), например, с помощью рекламы
traffic торговля
marketing research изучение рынка сбыта
trend тенденция, общее направление
to predict предсказывать
to influence влиять
I. Выберите вариант завершения предложения в соответствии с текстом.
Marketing means … .
a) a process of buying and selling;
b) a place where buyers and sellers meet;
c) activities connected with the movement of goods from producers to consumers.
II. Согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими утверждениями. Неверные утверждения сделайте верными.
a) Marketing consists of decisions made during the process of moving goods to consumer;
b) Marketing consists of operations including buying, product planning, storage, pricing, selling, traffic and others;
c) Marketing operations are rather cheap.
III. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
Advertising must … the consumer and make him buy the goods … .
a) to influence, to be produced;
b) is influencing, producing;
c) influence, produced.
IV. Выберите необходимое слово и вставьте его в предложение.
If you want to produce something new, you should start with … .
a) market research;
b) product planning;
c) installation of new equipment.
V. Выберите английский эквивалент следующим словам.
1) деятельность 2) пытаться
a) action; a) to attempt;
b) operation; b) to apply;
c) activity; c) to obtain;
3) через 4) исследование
a) over; a) search;
b) within; b) research;
c) through; c) distribution;
VI. Согласитесь или не согласитесь. Неверный вариант сделайте верным.
a) Market research helps the producer to improve his product;
b) Market research helps the producer to manufacture his product in a bigger amount;
c) Market research helps the producer to predict what people will want.
VII. Выберите правильный вариант перевода.
They take up more than half of the consumer’s dollar.
a) Они составляют более половины доллара покупателя;
b) Они забирают более половины доллара покупателя;
c) Они отнимают более половины доллара покупателя.
INFLATION
Inflation is generally defined as a persistent rise in the general price level with no corresponding rise in output, which leads to a corresponding fall in the purchasing power of money.
In this article we shall look briefly at the problems that inflation causes for business and consider whether there are any potential benefits for an enterprise from an inflationary period.
Inflation varies considerably its extent and severity. Hence, the consequences for the business community differ according to circumstances. Mild inflation of a few per cent each year may pose few difficulties for business. However, hyperinflation, which entails enormously high rates of inflation, can create almost insurmountable problems for the government, business, consumers and workers. In post-war Hungary, the cost of living was published each day and workers were paid daily so as to avoid the value of their earnings falling. Businesses would have experienced great difficulty in costing and pricing their production while the incentives for people to save would have been removed.
An economist argues at length about the causes of, and “cures” for, inflation. They would, however, recognize that two general types of inflation exist:
-Demand-pull inflation
-Cost-push inflation
Demand-pull inflation occurs when demand for a nation’s goods and services outstrips that nation’s ability to supply these goods and services. This causes prices to rise generally as a means of limiting demand to the available supply. An alternative way that we can look at this type of inflation is to say that it occurs when injections exceed withdrawals and the economy is already stretched and there is little scope to increase further its level of activity.
Cost-push inflation takes place when firms face increasing costs. This could be caused by an increase in wages owing to trade union militancy, the rising costs of imported raw materials and components or companies pushing up prices in order to improve their profit margins.
Vocabulary
A persistent rise -неуклонный подъем
Output -производство
Briefly -кратко
Benefits -выгоды
to vary -различаться
severity -острота
extent -продолжительность, протяженность
the consequences -последствия
mild inflation -мягкая инфляция
to pose -ставить, предлагать
to entail - вызывать, влечь за собой
the rate of inflation -уровень инфляции
insurmountable -колоссальный
to outstrip -опережать, превосходить
an injection -вливание
a withdrawal -изъятие
to stretch -натягивать, напрягать
militancy -воинственность
margin -размер, объём
I. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What is inflation?
a) an increase in costs for firms caused by an increase in outputs.
b) a persistent rise in the general price level with no corresponding rise in output, which leads to a corresponding fall in the purchasing power of money.
c) a decrease in ability to supply high wages.
II. Завершите предложение в соответствии с основной темой абзаца.
The passage is about…
a) how to avoid the value of workers’ earnings falling.
b) potential benefits for an enterprise from an inflationary period.
c) problems that inflation causes for business.
III.Определите, в каком абзаце сообщается о том, что компании резко повышают цены с целью увеличения объёма прибыли.
a) 3 aбз. b) 7 абз. с) 5 абз.
IV. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста (относительно отсутствия стимула у населения для накопления).
а) Business would have experienced great difficulty in costing and pricing their production while incentive for people to save would have been removed.
b) This could be caused by an increase in wages owing to trade union militancy.
c) The costs of living were published each day and workers were paid daily so as to avoid the value of their earnings falling.
V. Выберите вариант завершения предложения, соответствующего содержанию текста.
Demand-pull inflation occurs…
a) when firms face increasing costs.
b) when injections exceed withdrawals.
c) when there is an increase in wages owing to trade union militancy.
d) when entails enormously high rates of inflation.
VI. Подберите английский эквивалент слову, данному в скобках.
(неуклонный)
a) corresponding b) constant c) considerable d) insurmountable
(острота)
b) extent b) hence c) length d) severity
(происходить)
c) outstrip b) stretch c) occur d) exceed
(размер)
a)margin b)profit c) rate d) scope
(избегать)
a) remove b)avoid c) supply d)improve
VII Выберите форму сказуемого
In post-war Hungary, the cost of living … each day.
a) published
b) were published
c) have published
d) was published
VIII. Найдите грамматическую ошибку в структуре предложения.
Hyperinflation, which entails enormously high rates of inflation, can create almost insurmountable problems for the government, business, consumers, and workers.
a) entails b)higher c) creates d)enormous
IX. Поставьте соответствующий предлог.
Cost-push inflation could be caused by an increase in wages … trade union militancy.
a) since b)with c)owing to d) by
X. Расшифруйте следующее сокращение.
Demand-pull inflation occurs when demand for a nation’s goods and services outstrips.
a) a nation has goods.
b) a nation is goods
c) a nation was
d) притяжательный падеж
XI.Определите, в каком времени группы Indefinite находится сказуемое предложения.
The workers were paid daily so to avoid …
a) Present Indefinite
b) Past Indefinite
c) Future Indefinite
XII. Какую функцию выполняет глагол be в предложении
Inflation can be of the cost-push variety.
a) смысловой глагол
b) вспомогательный глагол
c) модальный глагол
XIII. Определите правильный вариант построения предложения.
a) This cause prices to rise generally as a means of limiting demand to the available supply.
b) This causes prices to rise generally as a means of limiting demand to the available supply.
c) These cause prices to rise generally as a means of limiting demand to the available supply.
XIV. Определите, в какой форме употреблено сказуемое в предложении.
a) Past Indefinite Passive
b) Past Indefinite Active
c) Past Perfect Passive
XV. Найдите правильный вариант перевода согласно тексту.
mild margin
a) легкий a) поля
b) мягкий b) размер
c) тихий с) край
WHAT IS BUSINESS?
Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.
Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or a group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.
Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity
. Vocabulary
Language -язык
exchange -обмен
profit -прибыль
creation -создание
conversion -превращение, перемена
ore -руда
dealership -посредник
to perform -выполнять, совершать
to take care of -заботиться, наблюдать(за больным)
surplus -излишек, избыток, остатки
to remain -оставаться
I. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос?
What does business mean?
a) exchange or trade for things people wanted.
b) exchange material for products.
c) exchange one activity for another.
II. Завершите предложение в соответствии с основной темой абзаца.
The second passage is about … .
a) what is production
b) what is marketplace
c) what is dealership.
III. Определите, в каком абзаце сообщается о том что такое товары.
а) 2 абз. b) 3 абз. с) 4 абз.
IV. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста
(относительно определения услуг).
a) products which people want
b) activities which people do for another people
c) activities which all business people do.
V. Выберите вариант завершения предложения, соответствующего содержанию текста.
Profit is the money … .
a) that remains after all expenses are paid.
b) that remains after a doctor takes care of people.
c) that creates an important factor.
VI. Подберите английский эквивалент слову, данному в скобках.
(обмен)
a) change b) charge c) include d) exchange
(деятельность)
a) efficiency b) active c) activity d) effect
(товар)
a) god b) good c) goods d) goings
(цель)
a) goat b) goes c) gods d) goal
VII. Выберите форму сказуемого:
A car … from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.
a) be moved b) might moved c)might be moved d) is moved
VIII. Найдите грамматическую ошибку в структуре предложения.
Sale is the exchange of a product or service to money.
a) of b) to c) or d) the
IX. Поставьте соответствующий предлог.
A car is sold … someone in exchange … money.
a) … to … on… c) … to … for…
b) …for… to … d) …-… for …
X.Каким членом предложения является ‘products’ .
Goods are products which people either need or want.
дополнение
сказуемым
частью именного сказуемого
подлежащим
XI. Определите, в каком времени группы Indefinite находиться сказуемое в предложении.
The concepts and activities of business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted.
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Present Perfect
XII. Чем является глагол ‘have’ в предложении.
The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times.
смысловым глаголом
вспомогательным глаголом
модальным глаголом
XIII. Найдите правильный вариант построения предложения.
а) But exactly what does it mean?
b) But doesn’t it what exactly mean?
c) But what doesn’t mean exactly it?
XIV. Найдите правильный вариант перевода слова согласно тексту.
Business goal
работа а) цель
фирма b) гол
деловая деятельность с) финиш
XI. Вставьте глагол в нужной форме.
Goods … products which people need.
a) is b) are c) be
THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
The economy comprises millions of people and thousands of firms as well as the government and local authorities, all taking decisions about prices and wages, what to buy, sell, produce, export, import and other matters. All these organizations and the decisions they take play a prominent part in shaping the business environment in which firms exist and operate.
The economy is complicated and difficult to control and predict, but it is certainly important to all businesses. You should be aware that there are times when businesses and individuals have plenty of funds to spend and there are times when they have to cut back on their spending. This can have enormous implications for business as a whole.
When the economy is enjoying a boom, firms experience high sales and general prosperity. At such times, unemployment is low and many firms will be investing funds to enable them to produce more. They do this because consumers have plenty of money to spend and firms expect high sales. It naturally follows that the state of the economy is major factor in the success of firms.
However, during periods when people have less to spend many firms face hard times as their sales fall. Thus, the economic environment alters as the economy moves to a recession. At that time, total spending declines as income falls and unemployment rises. Consumers will purchase cheaper items and cut expenditure on luxury items such as televisions and cars.
Changes in the state of the economy affect all types of business, though the extent to which they are affected varies. No individual firm has the ability to control this aspect of its environment. Rather, it is the outcome of the actions of all the groups who make up society as well as being influenced by the actions of foreigners with whom the nation has dealings.
Vocabulary
To comprise -включать. составлять
Local authorities -местные органы власти
take decisions -принимать решения
to play a prominent part -играть заметную роль
to predict -предсказывать
to be aware of -знать, осознавать
to cut back on spending -сокращать расходы
prosperity -процветание
to enable -позволять
to alter -измениться
recession -упадок
to affect -влиять
the extent -степь
the outcome of the actions -результаты действий
make up -составлять
to have dealings -иметь деловые связи
total spending -общие расходы
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос.
What is economic environment?
a)…the business environment in which firms exist and operate.
b)…the business environment in which firms suffer badly.
c)…the business environment in which firms experience high sales.
II. Завершите предложение в соответствии с основной темой абзаца.
The passage is about…
how total spending declines.
the importance of the economic environment
controlling and predicting economic activity
III. Определите, в каком абзаце сообщается о том, что происходит в экономической среде, когда экономика переживает спад.
a) 3абз. b) 4абз. с) 5абз.
IV. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста
(относительно снижения объёма продаж в фирмах).
a) At such times many firms will be investing funds to enable them to produce more.
b) Consumers have plenty of money to spend and firms expect high sales.
c) During periods when people have less to spend, any firms face hard times as their sales fall.
V. Выберите вариант завершения предложения, соответствующего содержанию текста.
All these organizations and the decisions they take play a prominent part …
in shaping the business environment in which firms exist and operate.
in controlling the economic environment.
in experiencing high sales and general prosperity.
VI. Подберите английский эквивалент слову, данному в скобках:
(предсказывать)
а) purchase b) spend c) predict d) enjoy
(включать)
а)decide b) enable c) decline d) comprise
(процветание)
а) prosperity b) implication c) experience d) success
(расходы)
а)cheap b) decline c) items d) spendings
VII. Выберите форму сказуемого:
When the economy … a boom, firms experience high sales and general prosperity.
enjoys
is enjoy
is enjoying
enjoyed
VIII. Найдите грамматическую ошибку в структуре предложения.
The economic environment alters into the economy moves into a recession.
a) as b) alter c) a d) move
IX. Поставьте соответствующий предлог.
This can have enormous implications … business as a whole.
a) to b) for c) of d) from
X. Расшифруйте следующее сокращение.
It’s the outcome of the actions of all the groups who make up society…
a) It has b) It is c) It was d) притяжательный падеж
XI. Определите, в каком времени группы Indefinite и в какой форме находится следующее предложение.
No individual firm has the ability to control… .
отрицательная форма Present Perfect
положительная форма Present Indefinite
отрицательная форма Present Indefinite
положительная форма Present Perfect
XII. Чем является глагол ‘to be’ в предложении.
You should be aware that… .
смысловой глагол
вспомогательный глагол
модальный глагол
XIII. Составьте предложение из следующих слов.
Rices/ spending/ and/ income/ total/ unemployment/ as/ falls.
XIV. Найдите правильный вариант перевода слова согласно тексту.
State experience
состояние a)переживать
государство b)опыт
утверждение с) знания
INVESTMENT
Investment as a term has two meanings:
1. Expenditure on the purchase of financial securities such as stocks and shares. It is also called financial investment. Portfolio investment is undertaken by persons, firms and financial institutions in the expectation of earning a return in the form of interest or dividends, or an appreciation in the capital value of the securities.
2. Capital expenditure on the purchase of physical assets such as plants, machinery and equipment (fixed investment) and stocks (inventory investment), i.e. physical or real investment.
In economic analysis, the term ‘investment’ relates specifically to physical investment. Physical investment creates new assets thereby adding to the country’s productive capacity, whereas financial investment only transfers the ownership of existing assets from one person or institution to another.
The long-term significance of investment lies in the contribution it makes to economic prosperity. Building new factories, adding new machinery and equipment, and investing in new techniques and products enables industry to supply a greater quantity of more sophisticated products and services to the consuming public, while similar investments in the provision of social capital(schools, health, etc.) contribute vitally to the up-grading of general living standards.
Vocabulary:
Expenditure - расходы
securities -ценные бумаги
to undertake -предпринимать
appreciation -оценка , повышение ценности
to relate to -иметь связь, отношение
thereby -таким образом, в связи с этим
capacity -возможность
to transfer -передавать, переносить
significance -значение
up-grading -высокий,
living standards -уровень жизни
I. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What is investment?
a) expenditure on the purchase of financial securities.
b) expenditure on the purchase of physical assets.
c) expenditure on the purchase of goods and services.
II. Завершите предложение в соответствии с основной мыслью третьего абзаца
The main idea of the passage is…
a) how to invest in new techniques
b) the difference in physical investment and financial investment
c) how to enable industry to supply a greater quantity of more sophisticated products
III. Определите, в каком абзаце сообщается о том, что ценные бумаги приобретаются физическими лицами, фирмами и т.д.
а) 4абз. b) 2абз. с) 1абз.
IV. Выберите предложение, соответствующее содержанию текста
(относительно значения долгосрочных инвестиций).
а) The long-term investment will help them to rent some facilities.
b) The long-term investment is not so necessary for the firm.
c) The long-term significance of investment lies in the contribution it makes to economic prosperity.
V. Выберите вариант завершения предложения, соответствующего содержанию текста.
Capital expenditure on the purchase of physical assets such as …
a) services and goods
b) market shares
c) plant, machinery, and stocks
VI. Подберите английский эквивалент слову, данному в скобках:
(возможность)
а) whereas b) assets c) capacity d) quantity
(создавать)
а) purchase b) create c) supply d) add
(процент)
а) appreciation b) prosperity c) interest d) rate
(обеспечение)
а) provision b) demand c) asset d) consume
(ценные бумаги)
а) equipment b) securities c) suppliers d)earnings
VII. Выберите форму сказуемого:
The term ‘investment’ … specifically to physical investment.
a) to relate c) is relating
b) relates d) be relate
VIII. Найдите грамматическую ошибку в структуре предложения.
Investment as a term have two meanings.
a) a b) meaning d) has
IX. Поставьте соответствующий предлог.
Building new factories, adding new equipment, and investing … new techniques and products enables industry to supply … .
a) to b) in c) for d) under
X. Расшифруйте следующее сокращение.
Physical investment creates new assts thereby adding to the country’s productive capacity… .
a) has b) was c)is d) притяжательный падеж
XI. Какую функцию выполняет причастиеI в предложении.
… whereas financial investment only transfer the ownership , of existing assets from one person…
.a) обстоятельство b) определение c)дополнение
XII. Чем является глагол ‘to be’ в предложении.
а) смысловым глаголом b) вспомогательным глаголом
с) модальным глаголом
XIII. Найдите правильный вариант построения предложения.
a) Who is portfolio investment undertaken by?
b) Who portfolio investment is undertaken by?
c) Who portfolio is investment undertaken by?
XIV. Определите, в каком времени употреблено сказуемое в предложении.
Long-term investment in new techniques enabled to create a great quantity of more sophisticated products.
a) Present Perfect b) Present Indefinite c) Past Indefinite
XV. Найдите правильный вариант перевода слова согласно тексту.
Stocks value
a) инвентарь а) ценность
b) запасы b) стоимость
с) акции с) значение