8. What is necessary to create moving robots? Fill in the following table:

Mechanism	Function
Sensor … …	… Navigation …

6. You are taking part in the students' conference devoted to the latest achievements in technology. Deliver a report on the topic 'Robots -humans with artificial intelligence.

   UNIT 2

   Part 1. The Science of Mechanics

1. Read the following words and word combinations:

mechanics, discipline, constitutes, defined purposes, quantum, therefore, essential, major division, decisive role, encompassing, Lagrangian, astrodynamics, hydraulics, galaxies.

2. Read and translate the text

Mechanics can be seen as the prime, and even as the original, discipline of physics. It is a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. It also constitutes a central part of technology. That is, how to apply this knowledge for humanly defined purposes. Briefly stated, mechanics is concerned with the motion of physical bodies, and with the forces that cause, or limit, these motions, as well as with forces which such bodies may, in turn, give rise to.

The major division of the mechanics discipline separates classical mechanics from quantum mechanics. Historically, classical mechanics came first, while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention. Classical mechanics is older than written history, while quantum mechanics didn't appear until the year 1900. Both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature.

Especially classical mechanics has therefore often been viewed as a model for other so-called exact sciences. Essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them.

Quantum mechanics is, formally at least, of the widest scope, and can be seen as encompassing classical mechanics, as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. If properly interpreted, there is no contradiction, or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations.

There are different sub-disciplines in mechanics. Among them are the following:

• Classical mechanics

• Newtonian mechanics - the original theory of motion (kinematics) and forces (dynamics)

• Lagrangian mechanics - a theoretical formalism

• Hamiltonian mechanics - another theoretical formalism

• Celestial mechanics - the motion of stars, galaxies, etc

• Astrodynamics - spacecraft, navigation, etc

• Solid mechanics, Elasticity - the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies

• Acoustics - sound in solids, fluids, etc.

• Statics - semi-rigid bodies in equilibrium

• Fluid mechanics - the motion of fluids

• Continuum mechanics - mechanics of continua (both solid and fluid)

• Hydraulics - fluids in equilibrium

• Biomechanics - solids, fluids, etc. in biology

• Statistical mechanics - large assemblies of parties

• Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics - universal gravitation • Quantum mechanics

• Particle physics - the motion, structure, and reactions of particles

• Nuclear physics - the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei

• Condensed matter physics - quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.

• Quantum statistical mechanics - large assembles of particles

3. Work in pairs. Make up 5 questions to the text and let your partner answer them.

4. Match the word with its translation. The first one is done for you.

Solid

Essential

Motion

Continua

Celestial

Property

Fluid

Nuclei

рух

астрономічний

властивість

рідина

важливий

ядро

безперервність

тверде тіло

5. Change qualitative adjectives into the comparative and the superlative degrees and then ranslate them into Ukrainian:

l. cold, short, clever

2. polite, simple, large

3. hot, big

4. dirty, dry

5. good, bad, old, far

6. Formed with two, three or more syllables adjectives the comparative and the superlative degrees by means of analytical forms (more, most):

difficult, famous, interesting, fascinating, dangerous, boring, relentless.

7. Make up 7 sentences comparing facts from the above text (use: than, much, far, still, as...as)

7. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

1. Ядерна фізика така ж важлива, як і квантова. 2. Ця теорія значно складніша. 3. Поділ дисциплін не такий складний, як здається. 4. Найцікавіше оповідання. 5. Сьогодні ще холодніше. 6. Нарешті вчені отримали найточніші дані.

9. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. There are different sub-disciplines in mechanics. Biomechanics is the most specific.

2. Essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them.

3. Mechanics is concerned with the motion of physical bodies, and with the forces that cause, or limit, these motions, as well as with forces which such bodies may.

4. Quantum mechanics can be seen as encompassing classical mechanics, as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances.

5. Classical mechanics is far older than quantum mechanics.