- •Brief contents of the course:
- •I. Grammar as a linguistic study
- •Two branches of grammar – morphology, syntax
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •II. Grammar form, meaning, category
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •III. Wordbuilding and wordchanging
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •IV. Synthetic means of expressing grammatical meaning and their role in the modern English
- •Additional reading
- •V. Analytical means of expression of grammar meaning and their role in the modern English
- •Аdditional reading
- •VI. Parts of speech and the principles of their classification
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •VII. Noun. The general description
- •Additional reading
- •VIII. Noun. The category of number
- •Additional reading
- •Practical Tasks:
- •IX. Noun. The category of case
- •X. Noun. The category of gender.
- •Additional reading
- •XI. Article, its role and function. The number of articles in English
- •Additional reading
- •XII. Adjectives. Their grammatical categories.
- •Categories of adjectives:
- •Substantivisation of adjectives
- •Adjectivisation of nouns
- •Additional reading
- •XIII. Adverbs. Classification of adverbs.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •Additional reading:
- •XV. Verb. The category of voice.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XVI. Verb. The category of mood.
- •Additional reading
- •XVII. Verb. The categories of tense, aspect and time correlation.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XVIII. Verb. The categories of person and number
- •Additional reading
- •The gerund
- •Additional reading
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXI. Pronouns
- •Additional reading
- •XXII. Numeral
- •Additional reading:
- •XXIII. Words of the category of state, statives
- •Additional reading
- •XXIV. Functional parts of speech. Preposition
- •Conjunctions
- •Particles
- •Interjection
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional Reading:
- •XXVIII. The notion of syntactic relations. Their main types.
- •Government
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXX. Semantic and pragmatic aspects of the sentence
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXI. The Structural aspect of the sentence
- •Glossary of lingustic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXII. The actual aspect of the sentence
- •Additional reading:
- •Glossary of linguistic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXV. Models of syntactic analysis. Parts of the sentence
- •The lady listened
- •Small to me attentively
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •XXXVI. The model of immediate constituents
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXVII. The distributional model
- •Glossary of lingustic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXX. Predicate
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXIII. Loose parts of sentence
- •Loose Attributes
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXXIV. Complex, compound and
- •Intermediary types of sentences
- •The absolute construction
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXV. The composite sentence. Compound sentences
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXVI. Types of subordinate clauses
- •Subject clauses
- •Object clauses
- •Attributive clauses
- •Types of adverbial clauses
- •Causal Clauses
- •Conditional Clauses
- •Clauses of Result
- •Clauses of Purpose
- •Clauses of Concession
- •Other Types of Adverbial Clauses
- •Appositional clauses
- •Parenthetical clauses
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXXVII. The problem of higher syntactical units
- •Glossary of linguistic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •Revision Tasks
- •Contents:
- •Bibliography
Additional reading:
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2. стр. 165-169
3.стр. 183- 193
4.стр. 256-260
5.–
XXXIV. Elliptical sentences
By "elliptical sentences" we mean sentences with one or more of their parts left out, which can be unambiguously inferred from the context. We will apply this term to any sentence of this kind, no matter what part or parts of it have been left out.
The main sphere of elliptical sentences is of course dialogue: it is here that one or more parts of a sentence are left out because they are either to be supplied from the preceding sentence (belonging to another speaker) or may be easily dispensed with. We take a few examples of elliptical sentences from contemporary dramatic works: Charlie. Have you asked her yet? Captain Jinks. Not often enough. It is clear here that the answer means: 'I have, but not often enough'. Aurelia. And by the way, before I forget it, I hope you'll come to supper to-night — here. Will you? After the opera. Captain Jinks. Delighted! It is also clear here that Aurelia's second sentence means: 'Will you come to supper to-night?' and that the captain's answer means: 'I shall be delighted to come'. Whatever is understood from the preceding context is omitted, and only the words containing the rheme are actually pronounced. The same is found, for example, in the following bit of dialogue: Matthew. Why, my dear — you have a very sad expression! Cynthia. Why not? Matthew. I feel as if I were of no use in the world when 1 see sadness on a young face. Only sinners should feel sad. You have committed no sin! Cynthia. Yes, I have! Cynthia's first sentence obviously means: 'Why should I not have a sad expression?' and her second, 'Yes, I have committed a sin!' Similarly, in other cases everything but the words representing the rheme may be omitted.
In one-axis sentence only one axis or its part is explicitly expressed, the other one being non-presented in the outer structure of the sentence.: Who will meet us at the airport? – Mary.
The response utterance is one-axis sentence with the subject-axis expressed and the predicate-axis implied: Mary will meet us at the airport. Both the non-expression of the predicate and its actual implication in the sub-text are obligatory, since the complete two-axis construction renders its own connotations: And what is your opinion of me? – Hard as nails, absolutely ruthless, a born intriguer.
The response utterance is a one-axis sentence with the predicate-axis expressed (partially, by its predicative unit) and the subject-axis (together with the link-verb of the predicative) implied – You are hard as nails.
I thought he might have said something to you about it”. – Not a word.”
The response utterance is a one-axis sentence with the predicate-axis partially expressed (by the object) and the subject-axis together with the verbal part of the predicate-axis implied – He said not a word to me.
Glad to see you after all those years!
The sentence is a one-axis unit with the predicate-axis expressed and the subject-axis implied as a form of familiarity – I am glad to see you…
Alongside with the demonstrated free one-axis sentences, i.e. sentences with a direct contextual axis-implication, there are one-axis sentences without a contextual implication of this kind; in other words, their absent axis cannot be restored with the same ease and, above all, semantic accuracy:
Monsieur Le Sueur was a man of action. He went straight up to Lisette and smacked her hard on her right cheek with his left hand and then smacked her hard on the left cheek with his right hand. “Brute,” screamed Lisette.
The one-axis sentence used by the heroine does imply the you-subject and can, by association, be expanded into the two-axis one “You are a brute”, but then the spontaneous “scream-style” of the utterance in the context (a cry of indignation) will be distorted.
I’m quite miserable enough already. – Why? Because you’re going away from Mrs Jennett? – No. ‘ From me, then? No answer for a long time. Dick dared not look at her.
The one-axis sentence ‘No answer for a long time’ in the narrative is assosiated by variant lingual relations with the two-axis sentence “there was no answer…”