1. Match the English sentences with their Russian equivalents. Define the forms of the Gerund (Indefinite/Perfect/Active/Passive). Analyze the methods of translating the Gerund.

   Finding the moments of inertia of various objects was discussed in the previous chapter.	Конечно, мы продолжаем вычисление моментов инерции других интересующих нас тел.
   Of course, we go on computing the moments of inertia of various other bodies of interest.	Закон сохранения импульса очень полезен, т.к. он позволяет нам решить многие проблемы, не входя в детали процесса.
   One further property of the moment of inertia is worth mentioning because it is often helpful in finding the moment of inertia of certain kinds of objects.	В таком случае (тогда) мы должны искать другой способ вычисления коэффициента самоиндукции одной катушки.
   Eddy-current forces provide one of the most convenient ways of getting such a velocity-dependent force.	Нашу формулу можно использовать для вычисления коэффициента взаимной индукции любых двух цепей произвольной формы.
   The principle of conservation of momentum is very useful, because it enables us to solve many problems without knowing the details.	Решив одну из величайших задач астрономии, Ньютон никому ничего не сказал о своем открытии.
   We must, then, look for a different way of calculating the self-inductance of a single coil.	Вихревые токи дают один из наиболее удобных способов получения таких зависящих от скорости сил.
   Our equation can be used for calculating the mutual inductance of any two circuits of arbitrary shape.	Стоит упомянуть еще об одном свойстве момента инерции, которое часто бывает очень полезно при нахождении момента инерции некоторых типов тел.
   After having solved one of the greatest problems of astronomy Newton said nothing to anyone about his discovery.	Определение моментов инерции различных тел обсуждалось в предыдущей главе.

2. Translate paying attention to the ways of translation of –ing forms.

A.

1. The tube consisting of a cathode, a control grid, and a plate is called a triode. 2. Since an electron is missing from each of the bonds, there is, in effect, a positive charge at each covalent bond. 3. The type of germanium containing an impu­rity that produces free electrons is called N-type germanium. 4. The contacting surface is called the P-N junction. 5. When a device having two electrically active terminals was devel­oped, it was called a diode. 6. While conducting space research scientists discovered the nuclei of anti-matter in cosmic ra­diation. 7. While expanding the construction of nuclear power stations of various types, this country is at the same time studying prospects for the development of thermo-nuclear power plants. 8. The so-called water-cooled reactors are be­coming more popular. 9. Discussing the characteristics of a diode, it was only necessary to plot (вычерчивать) one curve to completely describe the behaviour of the tube.

B.

1. Under the proper conditions, an electron can be moved by placing it under the influence of an electric field. 2. Moving the plate away from the cathode decreases the cur­rent flow through the diode. 3. Ways of detecting and elimi­nating defects in the computer systems were in the focus of the discussions at the symposium. 4. The negative grid tends to prevent electrons from reaching the plate. 5. The DC component of plate current flows through the primary winding without inducing (индуцировать) any voltage in the-secondary winding. 6. Since the aluminium atom is capable of accepting an electron it is called an acceptor atom.

C.

1. The indirectly-heated cathode is made of a good emitting material shaped like a tube open at both ends. 2. Much promising work in computer systems is being done in many countries. 3. A free electron drifting in the direction of the applied positive voltage drifts from hole to hole until it finally reaches the positive voltage. When heat is applied, an electron is liberated and starts drifting toward the positive voltage. 4. When speaking about transistors one should know the properties of semiconductor materials. 5. A half-wave rectifier can be made using a vacuum-tube diode. 6. While measuring the gain of an amplifier output voltage must be compared with input voltage.

3. Translate paying attention to the ways of translation of –ing and -ed forms.

Robot Building

Robot building has become a rather large sphere in our days. The designing and developing new manipulators is centralized. Industrial robots are programme-controlled devices which can replace man in performing many functions that were formerly performed by human hands. Not all types of manual labour can be automated by using traditional technical means. But robots, having mechan­ical hands and equipped with controlled drives (привод) and systems are capable of doing a wide range of work per­formed by human hands. By freeing man from routine physi­cal work robots greatly changed the content of labour. The items produced by robots can be modernized more quickly than with traditional automatic devices. A great number of robot mod­els have been developed all over the world, and many of them are now being mass produced. Not only individual robots but robotized production complexes are now being built. Robots of the second and third gener­ations have been developed. The third-generation intellectual robots have a better means for sensing, for appraising (оцени­вать) the situation, and for processing (обрабатывать) infor­mation.