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INTRODUCTION
Electronic Computers (EC) - the general name for computers that are electronic (starting with the first tube machines, including semiconductor, etc.) as opposed to electromechanical (for electrical relays, etc.) and mechanical computers. In times of widespread analog computers that were also in the overwhelming majority of electronic, to avoid confusion, used the name "digital electronic computer" or "counting" machine, in order to underscore the fact that digital electronic machine it sells directly to compute results while as analog machine actually implements physical simulation to obtain the measurement result.
Electronic computer - recently often called - PC (computer), which translated gives the same meaning: computer. Experience the wide practical application of computers quickly pointed to unexpected and unforeseen opportunities. It was found that similar numbers can efficiently convert any other information.
STRUCTURE COMPUTER
Historically, the computer was a machine for computing and called electronic computers - computers. The structure of such a device was described by the famous mathematician John von Neumann in 1945.
Structure of the computer - this is some model that establishes the composition, procedures and principles of interaction input into it components. The complexity of modern structures makes computing professionals use multilevel, hierarchical representation of them, splitting complex structures into simpler components. At each of these levels deal with idealized, simplified model. For example, personal computer equipment at one level can be represented by a set of components such as "monitor", "motherboard", "drives on hard magnetic disks", "keyboard", connected in some way, the other as a set of electrical circles, consisting of diodes, transistors, resistors and other electronic components. In the first case, the structure is quite simple, but it is actually quite difficult to understand how, for example, is the command to add inside the processor. In the second case we are dealing with millions of electrical components, but is "increasing" hardly adds simplicity to the question of how to connect between a monitor and video card. Therefore the choice of abstraction during sex solvable problem is very important. For developers this hierarchical representation is especially important. Clear definition and delimitation of certain information structures and systems makes it possible to reuse well-proven solution. This applies, for example, the various incarnations of one and of the same architecture, which would be impossible if the machine was created without a clear hierarchization, isolation and separation of the concept of "architecture" of the internal organization and implementation of a specific computer. Layered structure of the computer makes a significant acceleration of the design process by allowing each process does not start again, closing the project themselves without the possibility to separate the successful solution of the whole structure.
Developing computing part of the computer is usually at the following levels: • architectural level - the development of the general concept of the computer, system command processor and its programming model, the definition of information flow between processors, a hierarchy of storage devices, input-output devices. Defining standards in computing subsystem and the subsystem input-output • the register transfers - specification of information and control parts of a computer system in terms of registers, computer operations, data flows, and operations management and data transfer between registers. • logical level - reporting structures of a computer as a set of logic gates and the connections between them. Behavior of the system is described in terms of the algebra of logic (for combinational circuits), conversion tables (for schemes with memory). • electric or Circuit Level - view computers as a set of electrical circuits.
However, often between the architectural level and the level of register transfers extra base, firmware, in which each machine instruction is associated with a program on a simpler language microinstruction directly executable by the processor. Practice microprogramming was prevalent in the 70's due to the complexity of building a purely hardware structures of complex sets of commands execution processors that time. She was to develop a special, simpler controller that perceived special firmware that describe the steps required to implement machine instructions. Microprogram control unit acted as if the interpreter machine instructions in simpler language micro-processor. It is clear that the implementation of firmware and implementation of machine instructions in this case took a long time.
Later on complex sets of commands refused, device management began to implement in hardware and the practice of microprogramming receded. It is clear that this distribution does not purport to be complete, it can be extended to the level of integrated components and below, you can develop it up, considering the computer system as a set of hardware and software, allocating separate the operating system level, high-level languages, application software.
2. THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS AND THEIR PURPOSE.
Components that make up a computer, called modules. Among all modules emit core modules, without which the computer is not possible, and other modules that are used for various tasks: input and output image information, connect to a computer.
The basis of the personal computer is the system unit. It organizes work processes information, makes calculations, provides the connection between man and computer. System unit - is the main detail of the computer. From a formal point of view this is the computer, and everything else - peripheral devices, ie devices that connect to it and provide specific functions. Monitor is an essential device display textual and graphical information. Monitors come in color and monochrome. They can operate in two modes: text or graphics. The main input device of most computer systems is a keyboard.
Until recently used a standard keyboard 101/102 keys, but with the development of personal computer makers have tried to develop and main input devices. This led to the creation of multimedia keyboards, which nowadays increasingly gaining popularity. Additional keys are of key control multimedia applications, keyboard volume control system, a group of keys for quick access to office applications, calculator, Internet Explorer, etc. Keyboards differ by two features: a way to connect and design.
Mouse - with the development of operating systems with a graphic interface, this crane was simply "indispensable" part of a personal computer. Manipulator "mouse" provides a simple and convenient control features many operating systems and applications.
Microprocessor - a central unit PC designed for management of all blocks machine to perform arithmetic and logical operations on information. Structurally is a small chip that is inside the system unit and installed on the motherboard. Motherboard (system) board - a key element of a PC it placed the device directly involved in the process of information processing (computing), usually a microprocessor, internal memory, system bus, keyboard controller, clock generator, interrupt controller, timer and others.
Procedures to control other computer peripherals usually are on separate boards that are inserted into the standardized connectors (slots) on the motherboard. Through these connectors controller devices connected directly to the system line data in the computer - the bus. Sometimes these controllers can be located on the system board. Chipsets on which performed motherboards, chipsets called. Motherboards vary in the type of processors that can be installed on them. On motherboards are special jumper - jumpers that allow it to adapt to the type of processor and other devices that are installed on it.
All additional devices communicate with the processor and memory via the system bus data transfer - bus. Types of expansion slots vary by type tires. Tire characterized by type, bit, frequency and number of external devices. Hardware and logic devices that are responsible for joint functioning of various components, called interfaces. Modern computer filled with different interfaces that provide a common interaction. At the interfaces are standard. Computer architecture is the set of interfaces implemented in the computer. The driver acts as a "translator" from the language of the operating system into the language of a particular device. As for the controller, it acts as a hardware "bridge" between the whole system and accessories.
The central part is a computer system unit, with attached to his keyboard, monitor and mouse. The system unit and monitor independently connected to a power source - AC. In modern computers display and system unit sometimes mounted in a single enclosure. In the system unit are all major computer device: - Microprocessor - the brain of the computer that executes the commands received on its input: calculate and directs the work of other devices to the PC; -Memory is designed for temporary storage of programs and data; -Controllers are designed for management of individual processes in the PC; -Floppy drives for reading and writing to disk; -Drive on the hard disk, for reading and writing to the hard drive; -A CD-ROM that provides the ability to read data from a computer CD; -Counter time. Operates irrespective enabled computer or not.
CONCLUSION
This work was uncovered block diagram computer. Structure of the computer - this is some model that establishes the composition, procedures and principles of interaction input into it components. The central part is a computer system unit, with attached to his keyboard, monitor and mouse.
We describe the main components of a computer: a microprocessor, internal and external memory, clock generator, controllers (including interrupt controller), system bus, device input and output, and others. The principles of basic interaction devices. Also describes the composition of the CPU and its basic characteristics such as speed, clock speed and capacity. Microprocessor - a central unit PC designed for management of all blocks machine to perform arithmetic and logical operations on information.
Collated main types of memory and their basic characteristics such as capacity, speed of reading data and average access time to data. Memory - a device designed to store the processed information (data) and programs that control the processing of information. CMOS-memory is designed for long-term storage of configuration and computer settings (date, time, password), including when the computer power is off. Hard magnetic disk - read-only memory, designed for long term storage of all available information in the computer. Using 3.5 'floppy disk (1.44 MB) in the recent time it was very popular. At present, the common drives include CD-ROM drives and CD-RW.