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vice versa, a continuity between politics and war is posited. Indeed, Roger Deacon (Deacon 2003) has argued that Foucault’s position is much closer to Clausewitz’s than the antinomy Foucault stages between himself and Clausewitz indicates. This is not to say that Foucault does not intend to differentiate his position strongly from Clausewitz’s – it seems clear that Foucault thinks that the priority he gives to war makes his position the polar opposite of one that gives priority to politics – but rather that Clausewitz’s position is more complicated than Foucault’s treatment indicates. Along with Julien Reid (Reid 2003), Deacon furthermore suggests that Foucault’s position might have been affected by reading Clausewitz. In particular, we perhaps see Clauzewitz’ inluence in Foucault’s frequent use of military vocabulary, most notably his use of the word “strategy.”

Mark Kelly

See Also

Politics

Power

State

Strategies

War

Suggested Reading

Deacon, Roger. 2003. “Clausewitz and Foucault: War and Power,” Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies 31, no. 1:37–48.

Reid, Julian. 2003. “Foucault on Clausewitz: Conceptualizing the Relationship between War and Power,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 28 (January–February): 1–28.

696 / Chronology of Michel Foucault’s Life (1926–1984)

the Fouchet commission to reform the university system.

1966 In April, publication of The Order of Things (Gallimard). The Paris reaction to the book is generally hostile. Occupies a philosophy teaching position at the Université de Tunis and resides in Sidi Bou Saïd.

1967 At Tunis and Milan gives lectures on Manet, one of which will be posthumously published as Manet and the Object of Painting (2004 for the French publication).

1968 In March, Marxist student movement in Tunisia, which is anti-imperialist, is harshly repressed. Foucault tries to help the students who are arrested and imprisoned. Forced to leave Tunis at the end of May, consequently Foucault does not participate in “the events of May ’68.” In Paris, during the month of May, there are massive student protests and occupation of the universities. The police forcibly retake the universities. In September (after the events of “May ’68”), Hélène Cixous invites Foucault to participate in the foundation of a new experimental university in the Paris suburb

of Vincennes. At Vincennes, Foucault teaches his irst courses on “Sexuality and Individuality” and on Nietzsche.

1969 Publication of The Archaeology of Knowledge (Gallimard). In April–May, Foucault makes his irst trip to the United States, to the State University of New York at Buffalo. In November, Foucault is elected to the Collège de France (replacing Jean Hyppolite who had died on October 26, 1968).

1970 December 2, inaugural address at the Collège de France, called L’ordre du discours (The Order of Discourse, translated in EAK, 215–237, as “The Discourse on Language”).

Foucault organizes the irst meetings of a commission investigating the French prison system; this commission will become the Groupe d’information sur les prisons (GIP: Prison Information Group).

1971 In February, Foucault publishes GIP’s manifesto (with historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet, and Jean-Marie Domenach, the director of the Catholic spiritualist journal Esprit).

GIP engages in several investigations. Foucault becomes increasingly engaged in the struggle against the severe police repression of social struggles in France. Through Jean Genet, Foucault becomes a supporter of the American Black Panthers. In November, Foucault, Sartre, Genet, Claude Mauriac, and Jean-Claude Passeron (in association with other extreme leftist groups) set up, in the Maghrebin district of the Goutte d’or in Paris, a commission investigating racism. Foucault’s course at the Collège de France is devoted to “Penal Theories and Institutions.” On Dutch television, Foucault debates Noam Chomsky on the existence of human nature.

1972 Foucault returns to Buffalo and presents a lecture called “The Will to Truth and Ancient Greece.” On this trip, he visits Attica prison in New York State. Hélène Cixous and Jean Gattegno publish Cahiers de revendications sortis des prisons, claims that were assembled by the GIP militants. In December, GIP decides to dissolve in order to allow it to be directed by ex-convicts; it becomes CAP (Comité d’action des prisonniers).

1973 Foucault’s course at the Collège de France is “The Punitive Society,” which is the preparation for Discipline and Punish. In September, Pierre Rivière and This Is Not a Pipe are published.

1974 Collège de France course is “Psychiatric Power.” Lectures widely on antipsychiatry. 1975 Collège de France course is “Abnormal.” Discipline and Punish is published (Gallimard).

In September, Foucault, along with Yves Montand, Claude Mauriac, Régis Debray, Costas Gravis, and Jean Lacouture, intervene in Madrid, Spain, against the Franco death sentences given to several Basque militants. In November, Foucault makes a presentation at Columbia University, New York, on the role that doctors and

psychiatrists are playing in the torture of political militants in Brazil. Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and William Burroughs participate in this conference.

1976 Collège de France course is “Society Must Be Defended.” In May, Foucault presents lectures at Berkeley and Stanford. In December, volume one of The History of Sexuality is published by Gallimard.

Chronology of Michel Foucault’s Life (1926–1984) / 697

1977 Has a sabbatical leave from the Collège de France. Cornell University Press publishes

Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews (ELCP).

1978 Collège de France course is “Security, Territory, Population.” In September, Foucault goes to Tehran, Iran, and publishes article on the Iranian Revolution in the Italian daily

Corriere della Sera.

1979 Collège de France course is “The Birth of Biopolitics.” In the irst issue of a new gay journal (Gaipied), Foucault gives an interview called “Un plaisir si simple” (“A So Simple

Pleasure”). In October, Foucault gives the Tanner Lectures at Stanford University on governmentality called “Omnes et singulatum.”

1980 Collège de France course is “The Government of the Living.” March 21, Barthes dies; April 15, Sartre dies. In October, Foucault gives the “Howian Lectures” at Berkeley. More than 800 people arrive to hear the lecture “Truth and Subjectivity.”

1981 Collège de France course is “Subjectivity and Truth.” Foucault protests in favor of the Polish Solidarity movement.

1982 Collège de France course is “Hermeneutics of the Subject.” In July, Foucault starts to suffer from a “chronic sinus infection.” In October–November, he presents seminars at the University of Vermont on “The Technology of the Self.”

1983 Collège de France course is “The Government of Self and Others.” In March, Foucault meets with Habermas. In April–May, he lectures at Berkeley on the technologies

of the self and has discussions with Hubert Dreyfus, Paul Rabinow, Charles Taylor, Richard Rorty, Martin Jay, and Les Lowenthal. He lectures several times on parresia.

Foucault begins medical treatment for AIDS at the Paris Tarnier-Cochin Hospital under the care of Professor Jean-Paul Escande.

1984 Collège de France course is “Courage of Truth.” Publication of volumes two and three of The History of Sexuality, subtitled The Use of Pleasure and The Care of the Self, respectively, both with Gallimard. Foucault is hospitalized in urgent care on June 3. He dies of AIDS on June 25, in the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (a hospital about which he had written in History of Madness) at the age of 58.

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