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Dictatorship in History and Theory

BONAPARTISM, CAESARISM, AND TOTALITARIANISM

This book is unusual in bringing together the work of historians and political theorists under one cover to consider the subject of nineteenthand twentieth-century dictatorships. A distinguished group of authors examine the complex relationship among nineteenth-century democracy, nationalism, and authoritarianism, paying special attention to the careers of Napoleon I and III and of Bismarck. An important contribution of the book is consideration not only of the momentous episodes of coup d’etat,´ revolution, and imperial foundation that the Napoleonic era heralded, but also the contested political language with which these events were described and assessed. Political thinkers were faced with a battery of new terms – “Bonapartism,” “Caesarism,” and “Imperialism” among them – with which to make sense of their era.

In addition to documenting the political history of a revolutionary age, the book examines a series of thinkers – Tocqueville, Marx, Max Weber, Antonio Gramsci, Carl Schmitt, and Hannah Arendt – who articulated and helped to reshape our sense of the political.

Peter Baehr is Associate Professor of Political Sociology at Lingnan University. His books include Founders, Classics, Canons (2002) and Caesar and the Fading of the Roman World (1998). He is the editor of The Portable Hannah Arendt (2000) and co-editor, with Gordon Wells, of The Protestant Ethic and the “Spirit” of Capitalism and Other Writings (2002) and Max Weber (1995).

Melvin Richter is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the City University of New York, Graduate Center, and Hunter College. He is the author of The History of Political and Social Concepts (1995), the editor of The Political Theory of Montesquieu

(Cambridge, 1977), and co-editor, with Hartmut Lehmann, of The Meaning of Historical Terms and Concepts (1996).

PUBLICATIONS OF THE GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Edited by Christof Mauch

with the assistance of David Lazar

The German Historical Institute is a center for advanced study and research whose purpose is to provide a permanent basis for scholarly cooperation among historians from the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States. The Institute conducts, promotes, and supports research into both American and German political, social, economic, and cultural history; into transatlantic migration, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; and into the history of international relations, with special emphasis on the roles played by the United States and Germany.

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Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker, editors, 1968: The World Transformed

Roger Chickering and Stig Forster,¨ editors, Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front

Manfred F. Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman, and Elisabeth Glaser, editors, The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years

Manfred Berg and Martin H. Geyer, editors, Two Cultures of Rights: The Quest for Inclusion and Participation in Modern America and Germany

Manfred F. Boemeke, Roger Chickering, and Stig Forster,¨ editors, Anticipating Total War: The German and American Experiences, 1871–1914

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Elisabeth Glaser and Hermann Wellenreuther, editors, Bridging the Atlantic: The Question of American Exceptionalism in Perspective

Dictatorship in History and Theory

BONAPARTISM, CAESARISM, AND TOTALITARIANISM

Edited by

PETER BAEHR

Lingnan University, Hong Kong

MELVIN RICHTER

City University of New York

GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE

Washington, D.C.

and

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521825634

© German Historical Institute 2004

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

Contributors

 

 

page ix

Preface

 

 

xi

 

Introduction

Peter Baehr and Melvin Richter

1

 

PART I. BONAPARTISM TO ITS CONTEMPORARIES

 

1

From Consulate to Empire: Impetus and Resistance

 

 

Isser Woloch

 

 

29

2

The Bonapartes and Germany

T. C. W. Blanning

53

3

Prussian Conservatives and the Problem of

 

 

Bonapartism

David E. Barclay

 

67

4Tocqueville and French Nineteenth-Century Conceptualizations of the Two Bonapartes and Their Empires

 

Melvin Richter

 

 

 

83

5

Marx’s Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte: Democracy,

 

 

Dictatorship, and the Politics of Class Struggle

Terrell Carver

103

6

Bonapartism as the Progenitor of Democracy: The Paradoxical

 

 

Case of the French Second Empire

Sudhir Hazareesingh

129

 

PART II. BONAPARTISM, CAESARISM, TOTALITARIANISM:

 

 

TWENTIETH-CENTURY EXPERIENCES AND REECTIONS

 

7

Max Weber and the Avatars of Caesarism

 

Peter Baehr

155

8

The Concept of Caesarism in Gramsci

 

Benedetto Fontana

175

vii

viii

 

Contents

 

 

9

From Constitutional Technique to Caesarist Ploy: Carl Schmitt

 

 

on Dictatorship, Liberalism, and Emergency Powers

 

 

John P. McCormick

 

 

197

10

Bonapartist and Gaullist Heroic Leadership: Comparing Crisis

 

 

Appeals to an Impersonated People

Jack Hayward

221

11

The Leader and the Masses: Hannah Arendt on Totalitarianism

 

 

and Dictatorship

Margaret Canovan

 

241

 

PART III. ANCIENT RESONANCES

 

12

Dictatorship in Rome

Claude Nicolet

263

13

From the Historical Caesar to the Spectre of Caesarism: The

 

 

Imperial Administrator as Internal Threat

 

 

Arthur M. Eckstein

 

 

279

Index

 

 

 

299

Contributors

Peter Baehr, Professor of Political Sociology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong

David E. Barclay, Margaret and Roger Scholten Professor of International Studies, Department of History, Kalamazoo College, Michigan

T. C. W. Blanning, Professor of Modern European History, Cambridge University

Margaret Canovan, Professor of Political Thought, University of Keele, Keele

Terrell Carver, Professor of Political Theory, University of Bristol, Bristol

Arthur M. Eckstein, Professor of History, University of Maryland, College Park

Benedetto Fontana, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Baruch College, CUNY, New York

Jack Hayward, Emeritus Professor, Oxford University; Research Professor, Hull

University

Sudhir Hazareesingh, Tutor in Politics, Balliol College, Oxford

John P. McCormick, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago,

Chicago

´

Claude Nicolet, Professeur honoraire a` la Sorbonne et a` l’Ecole pratique des hautes etudes,´ Paris

Melvin Richter, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, City University of New York, Graduate Center, and Hunter College

Isser Woloch, Moore Collegiate Professor of History, Columbia University, New

York

ix