Literature

1. Амосова М.М. Основы английской фразеологии. М., 1963.

2. Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1977.

3. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка. М., 1986.

4. Атрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1999.

5. Ахманова О. С. Очерки по общей и русской лексикологии. М., 1957.

6. Виноградов В. В. Избранные труды, т 3, Лексикология и лексикография. М., 1977.

7. Ворно Е.Ф., Кащеева М.А., Малишевская Е.В., Потапова И.А. Лексикология современного английского языка. М., 1955.

8. Гак В. Г. Сопоставительная лексикология. М., 1982.

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Contents

Introduction 1

1. Lexicology as a branch of linquistics 1

2. Kinds of lexicology 1

3. Links of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics 3

Lecture 1. Word-meaning 5

1.1. semantics as a branch of Lexicology studing meanihg 5

1.2. Approaches to the study of meaning 5

1.2.1. Referential approach to meaning 5

1.2.2. Functional approach to meaning 6

1.3. Types of word-meaning 7

1.3.1. Grammatical meaning 7

1.3.2. Lexical meaning 7

1.3.3. Part-of-speech meaning 8

1.3.4 Denotative, significative and connotative meanings 9

1.3.5. Connotative meaning 9

1.3.6. Emotive charge and sociostylistic reference of words 10

1.3.7. Pragmatic meaning 11

1.4. Types of morpheme-meaning 11

1.4.1. Lexical meaning of morphemes 11

1.4.2. Functional or part-of-speech meaning of morphemes 12

1.4.3. Differential meaning of morphemes 12

1.4.4. Distributional meaning of morphemes 12

1.5. Word-meaning and motivation 12

1.5.1. Definition of motivation 12

1.5.2. Types of motivation 12

1.5.2.1. Phonetic motivation of words 12

1.5.2.2. Morphological motivation of words 13

1.5.2.3. Semantic motivation of words 13

Lecture 2. Change of Meaning 14

2.1. Causes of semantic change 14

2.1.1. Extralinguistic causes of semantic change 14

2.1.2. Linguistic causes of semantic change 15

2.2. Nature, results and types of semantic change 15

2.2.1. Similarity of meanings or metaphor 16

2.2.2. Contiguity of meanings or metonymy 17

2.2.3. Types of semantic change without the transfer of name 18

2.2.3.1. Specialization and generalization of meanings 18

2.2.3.2. Amelioration and pejoration of meaning 19

2.2.3.3. Hyperbole, litotes, irony, euphemism, disphemism, taboo 19

Lecture 3. Polysemy 21

3.1. The notion of polysemy 21

3.2. Approaches to polysemy 21

3.2.1. Diachronic approach to polysemy 21

3.2.2. Synchronic approach to polysemy 22

Lecture 4. Homonymy 23

4.1. Definition of homonymy 23

4.2. Homonymy of words and homonymy of word-forms 23

4.3. Classification of homonyms 23

4.3.1. Full and partial homonymy 23

4.3.2. Classification of homonyms by the type of meaning 23

4.3.3. Classification of homonyms by the sound-form, graphic form and meaning 24

4.4. Sources of homonymy 24

4.4.1. diverging meaning development 24

4.4.2. Converging sound development 24

4.5. Differentiation of polysemy and homonymy 25

Lecture 5. Word-meaning in syntagmatics and paradigmatics 26

5.1. Definition of syntagmatics and paradigmatics 26

5.2. Conceptual or semantic fields 26

5.3. Hyponimic (or hierarchical) structures and lexico-semantic groups 27

5.4. Synonymy and antonymy 28

Lecture 6. Word-structure 30

6.1. Segmentation of words into morphemes 30

6.2. Classification of morphemes 31

6.3. Procedure of morphemic analysis 31

6.4. Morphemic types of words 32

6.5. Derivative structure of words 32

Lecture 7. Word-formation 33

7.1. Definition and types 33

7.2. Affixation 33

7.2.1. Prefixation 33

7.2.2. Suffixation 33

7.3. Composition or compounding 33

7.4. Conversion 34

7.5. Shortening and abbreviation 34

7.5.1. Shortening or contraction 34

7.5.2. Abbreviation 35

7.6. Back-formation or reversion 35

8. Word-groups and phraseological units 35

8.1. Lexical and grammatical valency 35

8.2. Definition of phraseological units 36

8.3. Classification of phraseological units 36

Literature 36

38