The string theory.

In 1919 Theodor Kaluza proposed that our universe might actually have more than 3 dimensions that we are all aware of. Kaluza, like Einstein, was in search if what called a unified theory. That’s one theory can describe all of nature’s forces from one set of ideas, one set of principles, one master equations. So Kaluza says, maybe I can describe electromagnetic force in terms of warps and curves. That raised a question: warps and curves in what?

He said, if he wanted to describe one more force, maybe he needed one more dimension? So he imagined that world had 4 dimensions of space and imagined that electromagnetism was warps and curves in that fourth dimension. When he looked at the fourth equation of fourth dimension, it was none other than the equation that scientist had long known to describe the electromagnetic force.

Now 2 question immediately arise from his observation: 1) if there are more dimensions in space, where are they? 2) does this theory really work in details, when you try to apply it to the world around us?

The first question was answered in 1926 be a fellow named Oscar Klein. He suggested that dimensions might come in two varieties: they might be big, easy-to-see. But there are might be tiny, curled up so small, that we don’t see them. But little ants are so small that they can access all of the dimensions. What about second question? In our era, a new approach to unify the laws of physics is being pursued by physicists, it’s called superstring theory. It’s theory that tries to answer the question: what are the basic, fundamental constituent smacking up everything in the world around us? Conventional ideas stop at the quarks, that inside protons and neutrons. Here is an idea of string theory. Deep inside any of these particles, there’s something else. This something else is this dancing filament of energy. It looks like vibrating strings. These strings can vibrate in different patterns. They produced the particles making up the world around us. So if these ideas are right, this is what the ultra-microscopic landscape of the universe look like. So matter and forces of nature all are put together under the rubric of vibrating strings. But when you study a mathematics of string theory, you find that it doesn’t work in a universe that had 3, 4 or even 5 dimensions. It works only in universe that had 10 dimensions of space, and one dimension of time.

How might we test extra dimensions? In CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, a machine is being built called Large Handron Collider. It’s the machine that will send particles around a tunnel, opposite directions, near the speed of light. Those particles will be aimed at each other, so there is a head-on collusion. If the collusion had enough energy it may forcing some of debris to enter into other dimension. If the energy quantity before will be greater than after the collusion, that means that some debris enter to other dimension and that proves that such dimensions exist.