Modern Britain ут можно половину убрать)но я на всякий случай побольше оставила материала
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II |
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Queen of the Commonwealth realms объед королевство
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Reign |
6 February 1952 – present |
Coronation |
2 June 1953 |
Predecessor |
George VI |
Heir apparent |
Charles, Prince of Wales |
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Spouse супруг |
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (m. 1947) |
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Full name |
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Elizabeth Alexandra Mary |
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House |
House of Windsor |
Father |
George VI |
Mother |
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon |
Born |
21 April 1926 (age 86) Mayfair, United Kingdom |
Religion |
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Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926[note 1]) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown dependencies and British Overseas Territories. She is Supreme Governor of the Church of England and in many of her realms carries the title Defender of the Faith.
queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon.
Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis
served in the Auxiliary помощник Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward. Hercoronation service took place in 1953, and was the first to be televised.
Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. The Queen has seen major constitutional changes in her realms, such as devolution переход власти in the United Kingdom and the patriation of the Canadian constitution
events in the Queen's reign have included the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the Falklands War,( The Falklands War was a 1982 war between Argentina and the United Kingdom. The conflict resulted from the long-standing dispute over the sovereignty независимось of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which lie in the South Atlantic, east of Argentina.
The Falklands War began on Friday 2 April 1982, when Argentine forces invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. The resulting conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender сдаваься on 14 June 1982, which returned the islands to British control. ),
wars with Iraq (The Iraq War, was a conflict that occurred in Iraq from March 20, 2003 to December 15, 2011,[43] though sectarian сектанский violence continues and has caused hundreds of fatalities.
Prior to the war, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom claimed that Iraq's alleged утвердил possession владение of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed a threat to their security and that of their coalition/regional allies. In 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to verify проверять that Iraq was not in possession of WMD and cruise missiles подвод ракета. The United Nations Monitoring, Verification контроль and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) found no evidence of WMD, but could not verify the accuracy правильность of Iraq's declarations regarding what weapons it possessed.
After investigation following the invasion, Iraq had ended its nuclear, chemical, and biological programs in 1991 and had no active programs at the time of the invasion, but that they intended to resume production if the Iraq sanctions were lifted.
Some US officials also accused Iraqi President Saddam Hussein of harboring скрытие and supporting al-Qaeda,[54] but no evidence of a meaningful connection was ever found. Other proclaimed reasons for the invasion included Iraq's financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers, Iraqi government human rights abuses,[58] and an effort to spread democracy to the country.
The invasion of Iraq led to an occupation and capture of President Hussein, who was executed by the new Iraqi government. a new faction of Al-Qaeda in Iraq.
In late February 2009, newly elected U.S. President Barack Obama announced to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide intelligence and surveillance надзор". General Ray Odierno, the top U.S. military commander in Iraq, said he believes all U.S. troops will be out of the country by the end of 2011,[74] while UK forces ended operations on April 30, 2009.
On October 21, 2011 officially declared the Iraq War over, at a flag lowering ceremony in Baghdad.[84] The last U.S. troops left Iraqi territory on December 18, 2011 at 4:27 UTC. )
and the War in Afghanistan (2001-present).
The War in Afghanistan (2001-present), a new phase of the War in Afghanistan (1978–present), began on October 7, 2001,[39] as the armed forces of the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Afghan United Front (Northern Alliance) launched Operation Enduring Freedom. The primary driver of the invasion was the September 11 attacks on the United States, with the stated goal of dismantling снятие the al-Qaeda terrorist organization and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base. The United States also said that it would remove the Taliban regime from power and create a viable жизнеспособный democratic state.
The preludes to the war were the assassination убийство of anti-Taliban leader Ahmad Shah Massoud on 9 September 2001, and the 11 September attacks on the United States,
On May 21, 2012 the NATO endorsed during its 2012 Chicago Summit a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO-led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014.
Continuing evolution of the Commonwealthсодружесво
1980s
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse,Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three. The Queen's composure спокойствие and skill in controlling her mount посадка на лошадь were widely praised.[104] From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious[105] but proud[106] of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm, and through two calls to the palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later.[107] Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982, and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms королевство, without informing her.
In 1987, the elected Fijian government was deposed свергнуть in a military coup гос переворот. Elizabeth, as head of state, supported the attempts of the Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau, abolished the monarchy, and declared Fiji a republic.[116] By the start of 1991, republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth, which were contradicted by the palace, and reports of affairs and strained с натяжкой marriages among her extended family.the Queen was the target of satire.
1990s
In 1991, in the wake of victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint session of the United States Congress.[120]
In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, the Queen called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year.[121] In March, her second son Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife Sarah, Duchess of York, separated. In April, her daughter Anne, Princess Royal, divorced her husband Captain Mark Phillips.[122] During a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her,[123] and in November Windsor Castle suffered severe fire damage. The monarchy received increased criticism and public scrutiny.наблюдение In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[ Two days later, Prime Minister John Major announced reforms of the royal finances that had been planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax for the first time, starting in 1993, and a reduction in the civil list (кому платит правит-во организации).[ In December, Charles, and his wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, formally separated.]