- •Contents
- •List of abbreviations
- •Preface
- •Introduction
- •Germanic languages
- •Classification of germanic languages
- •Ancient germanic tribes and their classification
- •Germanic alphabets
- •Some phonetic peculiarities of germanic languages
- •Consonants
- •The First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law)
- •Ііі. Act The ie aspirated voiced plosives bh, dh, gh changed in Gc to corresponding unaspirated plosives b, d, g, e.G.
- •Verner`s Law
- •Word – Stress
- •Stressed vowels
- •Germanic Fracture (Breaking)
- •Gradation or Ablaut
- •Unstressed Vowels
- •Grammatical peculiarities of germanic languages
- •The Noun
- •The Adjective
- •The Verb
- •Gothic Strong Verbs
- •Vocabulary
- •Old english
- •2.1. Periods in the History of English
- •2.2. Historical Background
- •2.2.1. The Roman Conquest of Britain
- •2.2.2. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Britain
- •2.3. Alphabet and Pronunciation
- •Old English Alphabet
- •2.4. Old English Dialects and Written Records
- •2.5. Some Phonetic Changes of the Old English Period
- •2.5.1. Vowels
- •2.5.2. Old English Breaking
- •2.5.3. Palatal Mutation (I-mutation)
- •Monophthongs
- •Diphthongs
- •2.5.4. Back or Velar Mutation (Velarization)
- •2.5.5. Diphthongization of Vowels after Palatal Consonants
- •2.5.6. Lengthening of Short Vowels
- •2.5.7. Unstressed Vowels
- •2.5.8. Consonants
- •2.5.9. Palatalization of Velar Consonants
- •2.5.10. Assimilation, Metathesis, Doubling of Consonants, Loss of Consonants
- •2.6. Old English Morphology
- •2.6.1. Old English Noun: General Characteristics
- •Vowel Stems
- •Consonant Stems
- •2.6.2. Vowel Stems Strong Declension
- •2.6.3. Consonant Stems: Weak Declension, Minor Declensions
- •2.6.4. Root-Stems
- •2.6.5. Pronouns
- •2.6.5.1. Personal Pronouns
- •2.6.5.2. Demonstrative Pronouns
- •Declension of the Demonstrative Pronoun þes
- •2.6.6. Adjectives
- •2.6.6.1. Strong Declension of Adjectives
- •2.6.6.2. Weak Declension of Adjectives
- •2.6.6.3. Degrees of Comparison
- •2.6.7. Adverbs
- •2.6.7.1. Formation of Adverbs
- •2.6.7.2. Comparison of Adverbs
- •2.6.8. The Verb: General Characteristics
- •Conjugation of verbs
- •2.6.8.1. Strong Verbs
- •2.6.8.2. Weak Verbs
- •Conjugation of Weak Verbs
- •2.6.8.3. Preterite-Present Verbs
- •Conjugation of Preterite - Present verbs
- •2.6.8.4. Anomalous verbs
- •Conjugation of the verb dōn
- •Indicative mood
- •2.6.8.5. Suppletive Verbs
- •Conjugation of the verb bēon
- •Indicative mood
- •Conjugation of the verb ʒān
- •Indicative mood
- •2.7. Old English Syntax
- •2.8. The Old English Vocabulary
- •2.8.1. Word-Building
- •Suffixation
- •Prefixation
- •Composition
- •2.8.2. Borrowings
- •Latin borrowings
- •Celtic Borrowings
- •Middle english
- •3.1. Historical Background
- •3.1.1. Scandinavian Invasions
- •3.1.2. The Norman Conquest
- •3.2. Middle English Dialects Rise of the London Dialect
- •3.3. Early Middle English Written Records
- •3.4. Word Stress
- •3.5. Vowels
- •3.5.1. Unstressed Vowels
- •3.5.2. Stressed vowels
- •3.5.2.1. Quantitative Vowel Changes
- •3.5.2.2. Qualitative Vowel Changes
- •Monophthongs
- •3.5.2.3. Monophthongization of Old English Diphthongs
- •3.5.2.4. Rise of New Diphthongs
- •3.6. Evolution of Consonants in Middle English
- •3.7. Spelling Changes in Middle English
- •3.7.1. Changes in the Designation of Vowels
- •3.7.2. Changes in the designation of Consonants
- •3.8. Changes in the Grammatical System
- •3.8.1. Preliminary Remarks
- •3.8.2. The Noun
- •3.8.2.1. Gender
- •3.8.2.2. Number
- •3.8.2.3. Decay of Noun Declensions
- •3.8.3. The Adjective
- •3.8.3.1. Declension of Adjectives in Late Middle English
- •3.8.3.2. Degrees of Comparison
- •3.8.4. Adverbs
- •3.8.4.1. Formation of Adverbs
- •3.8.4.2. Comparison of Adverbs
- •3.8.5. The Pronoun
- •3.8.5.1. Personal Pronouns
- •3.8.5.2. Possessive pronouns
- •3.8.5.3. Demonstrative Pronouns
- •3.8.5.4. Rise of the Articles
- •3.8.6. The Verb: General Characteristics
- •Conjugation of Verbs
- •Conjugation of Verbs Past Indicative
- •3.8.5.1. Changes in the Morphological Classes of Verbs in Middle English and Early New English
- •3.8.6.1. Strong Verbs
- •3.8.6.2. Weak Verbs
- •3.8.6.3. Preterite-present Verbs
- •3.8.6.4. Suppletive verbs
- •Conjugation of the verb bēon in Old English, Middle English and Early New English
- •Conjugation of the verb bēon in Old English, Middle English and Early New English
- •Conjugation of the verb ʒān in Old English, Middle English and Early New English
- •Conjugation of the verb ʒān in Old English, Middle English and Early New English
- •3.8.6.5. Rise of Analytical Forms
- •Future Forms
- •Perfect Forms
- •Passive Forms
- •Continuous Forms
- •3.8.7. Development of the Syntactic System
- •3.9. Middle English Vocabulary Changes
- •3.9.1. Native Derivational Affixes
- •3.9.2. French Derivational Affixes
- •3.9.3. Scandinavian Borrowings
- •3.9.4. French Borrowings
- •New english
- •4.1. The formation of the English National Language
- •4.2. Changes in Pronunciation
- •4.2.1. Development of Unstressed Vowels
- •4.2.1.1. Loss of unstressed –e [ə]
- •4.2.1.2. Loss of Vowels in Intermediate Syllables
- •4.2.2. Stressed Vowels
- •4.2.2.1. The Great Vowel Shift
- •4.2.2.2. Shortening of Long Vowels
- •4.2.2.3. Development of Short Vowels
- •4.2.2.4. The Development of the New Short [л]
- •4.2.2.5. Changes in Diphthongs
- •4.2.2.6. Vowel Changes under the Influence of Consonants
- •4.2.3. Consonants
- •4.2.3.1. Voicing of Voiceless Consonants
- •4.2.3.2. Loss of Consonants Development of [X]
- •Simplification of Consonant Clusters
- •4.2.3.3. Change of [d] to [ð] when Close to [r]
- •4.2.3.4. Development of Sibilants and Affricates in Early New English
- •4.3. Changes in Spelling
- •4.4. Local Dialects in New English
- •4.4.1. Scottish Dialect
- •4.4.2. Northern Dialects
- •4.4.3. Western, Central and Southern Dialects
- •4.5. Some Essential Grammatical Changes of the New English Period: Morphology
- •4.5.1. The Noun
- •4.5.1.1. Number
- •4.5.1.2. Cases
- •4.5.2. The Pronoun
- •4.5.2.1. Personal Pronouns
- •4.5.2.2. Possessive Pronouns
- •4.5.3. The Adjective
- •4.5.4. The Adverb
- •4.5.5. The Verb
- •4.5.5.1. Personal Endings
- •4.5.5.2. Changes in Strong Verbs
- •4.5.5.3. Changes in Weak Verbs
- •4.5.5.4. Rise of Invariable Verbs
- •4.5.5.5. Changes in Preterite-Present Verbs
- •4.5.5.6. Irregular Verbs
- •4.6. New English Syntax
- •4.7. New English Vocabulary Changes
- •4.7.1. Latin Loanwords
- •4.7.2. Latinization of French Loanwords
- •4.7.3. Greek loanwords
- •4.7.4. French Loanwords
- •4.7.5. Mixed vocabulary of New English
- •4.7.6. Italian and Spanish Loanwords
- •4.7.7. Russian Loanwords
- •4.8. The Expansion of English
- •4.9. The English Language in the usa
- •4.9.1. Some peculiarities of American Pronunciation
- •4.9.2. American Spelling
- •4.9.3. Some peculiarities of American Grammar
- •4.9.4. Vocabulary of American English
- •Conclusion
- •Bibliography
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
ГОУ ВПО «АДЫГЕЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
A.P.Tikhonova
A CONСISE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(КРАТКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)
Майкоп
2009
УДК 811.111 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1 – 923
Т 46
Печатается по решению
редакционно-издательского совета Адыгейского государственного университета
Рецензенты:
Е.Н. Лучинская, доктор филологических наук, профессор (КубГУ)
Л.И. Сидорова, кандидат филологических наук, профессор (КубГУ):
Тихонова А.П.
Т 46
A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Краткая история английского языка): Учебное пособие. - Майкоп: Изд-во АГУ, 2009. - 132 с.
Настоящее учебное пособие по курсу истории английского языка предназначено для студентов лингвистических факультетов вузов.
Оно составлено в соответствии с ГОС ВПО Специальность 02.26.00 (031201) Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур (английский язык) и расчитано на количество часов, предусмотренное программами вузов по предмету «История языка и введение в спецфилологию».
Учебное пособие построено на основе исторической периодизации. В нем выделены древнеанглийский, среднеанглийский и новоанглийский периоды. Периодизация позволяет показать развитие языка во всех его многосторонних связях.
Пособие представляет интерес для преподавателей вузов и аспирантов, занимающихся разработкой проблем истории английского языка.
ISBN
Адыгейский государственный университет, 2009
Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………… |
10 |
Part 1 |
|
GERMANIC LANGUAGES |
11 |
1.1. Classification of GermanicLanguages…………………………………… |
11 |
1.2. Ancient Germanic Tribes and theirClassification……………………….. |
11 |
1.3. GermanicAlphabets……………………………………………………… |
12 |
1.4. Some Phonetic Peculiarities of GermanicLanguages……………………. |
13 |
1.4.1.Consonants………………………………………………………… |
13 |
1.4.1.1. The First Consonant Shift (Grimm’sLaw)………………… |
13 |
1.4.1.2. Verner`s Law………………………………………………. |
13 |
1.4.2. Word –Stress……………………………………………………… |
14 |
1.4.3.Vowels…………………………………………………………….. |
14 |
1.4.3.1. Stressed Vowels…………………………………………… |
15 |
1.4.3.2. Germanic Fracture(Breaking)……………………………... |
15 |
1.4.3.3. Gradation or Ablaut………………………………………... |
15 |
1.4.3.4. Unstressed Vowels………………………………………… |
16 |
1.5.Grammatical Peculiarities of Germanic Languages……………………… |
17 |
1.5.1.The Noun………………………………………………………….. |
17 |
1.5.2.The Adjective……………………………………………………… |
18 |
1.5.3.The Verb…………………………………….…………………….. |
19 |
1.6. Vocabulary |
20 |
Part 2 |
|
OLD ENGLISH |
22 |
2.1. Periods in the History of English………………………………………… |
22 |
2.2.Historical Background……………………………………………………. |
23 |
2.2.1. The Roman Conquest of Britain………………………………….. |
23 |
2.2.2.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Britain……………………………. |
24 |
2.3.Alphabet and Pronunciation……………………………………………… |
25 |
2.4. Old English Dialects and Written Records………………………………. |
26 |
2.5.Some Phonetic Changes of the Old English Period……………………… |
27 |
2.5.1.Vowels…………………………………………………………….. |
27 |
2.5.2. Old English Breaking……………………………………………... |
27 |
2.5.3. Palatal Mutation (i-mutation)……………………………………... |
28 |
2.5.4. Back or Velar Mutation (Velarization)…………………………… |
28 |
2.5.5. Diphthongization of Vowels after Palatal Consonants…………… |
29 |
2.5.6. Lengthening of Vowels…………………………………………… |
29 |
2.5.7. Unstressed Vowels……………………………………………….. |
29 |
2.5.8.Consonants………………………………………………………… |
30 |
2.5.9. Palatalization of Velar Consonants………………………………. |
31 |
2.5.10. Assimilation, Metathesis, Doubling of Consonants, Loss of Consonants……………………………………………………………… |
31 |
2.6. Old English Morphology………………………………………………… |
32 |
2.6.1. Old English Noun: General Characteristics……………………… |
32 |
2.6.2. Vowel Stems: Strong Declension………………………………… |
33 |
2.6.2.1. a-stems…………………………………………………….. |
33 |
2.6.2.2. ō-stems…………………………………………………….. |
34 |
2.6.2.3. i-stems……………………………………………………... |
34 |
2.6.2.4. u-stems …………………………………………………… |
35 |
2.6.3. Consonant Stems: Weak Declension, Minor Declensions………. |
35 |
2.6.3.1. n-stems: Weak Declension………………………………… |
35 |
2.6.3.2. r-stems…………………………………………………….. |
36 |
2.6.3.3. s-stems……………………………………………………... |
36 |
2.6.4. Root-Stems……………………………………………………….. |
37 |
2.6.5. Pronouns………………………………………………………….. |
38 |
2.6.5.1. Personal Pronouns………………………………………… |
38 |
2.6.5.2. Demonstrative Pronouns…………………………………... |
39 |
2.6.6. Adjectives………………………………………………………… |
40 |
2.6.6.1. Strong Declension of Adjectives………………………….. |
40 |
2.6.6.2. Weak Declension of Adjectives…………………………… |
41 |
2.6.6.3. Degrees of Comparison…………………………………… |
41 |
2.6.7. Adverbs…………………………………………………………… |
42 |
2.6.7.1. Formation of Adverbs…………………………………….. |
42 |
2.6.7.2. Comparison of Adverbs…………………………………… |
42 |
2.6.8. The Verb: General Characteristics……………………………….. |
43 |
2.6.8.1. Strong Verbs………………………………………………. |
45 |
2.6.8.2. Weak Verbs……………………………………………….. |
45 |
2.6.8.3. Preterite – Present Verbs………………………………….. |
48 |
2.6.8.4. Anomalous verbs………………………………………….. |
49 |
2.6.8.5. Suppletive Verbs………………………………………….. |
49 |
2.7. Old English Syntax……………………………………………………… |
50 |
2.8. The Old English Vocabulary……………………………………………. |
52 |
2.8.1. Word Building……………………………………………………. |
53 |
2.8.2. Borrowings……………………………………………………….. |
55 |
Part 3 |
|
MIDDLE ENGLISH |
58 |
3.1. Historical Background…………………………………………………… |
58 |
3.1.1. Scandinavian Invasions…………………………………………… |
58 |
3.1.2. The Norman Conquest……………………………………………. |
59 |
3.2. Middle English Dialects, Rise of the London Dialect…………………… |
60 |
3.3. Early Middle English Written Records………………………………….. |
61 |
3.4. Word Stress……………………………………………………………… |
61 |
3.5. Vowels…………………………………………………………………… |
63 |
3.5.1. Unstressed Vowels……………………………………………….. |
63 |
3.5.2. Stressed vowels…………………………………………………… |
64 |
3.5.2.1. Quantitative Vowel Changes……………………………… |
64 |
3.5.2.2. Qualitative Vowel Changes Monophthongs………………. |
65 |
3.5.2.3. Monophthongization of Old English Diphthongs…………. |
66 |
3.5.2.4. Rise of New Diphthongs…………………………………... |
67 |
3.6. Evolution of Consonants………………………………………………… |
67 |
3.7. Spelling Changes………………………………………………………… |
69 |
3.7.1. Changes in the Designation of Vowels…………………………… |
69 |
3.7.2. Changes in the Designation of Consonants………………………. |
70 |
3.8. Changes in the Grammatical System…………………………………….. |
70 |
3.8.1. Preliminary Remarks…………………………………………...… |
70 |
3.8.2. The Noun…………………………………………………………. |
71 |
3.8.2.1. Gender……………………………………………………... |
71 |
3.8.2.2. Number…………………………………………………….. |
71 |
3.8.2.3. Decay of Noun Declensions………………………………. |
72 |
3.8.3. The Adjective…………………………………………………….. |
74 |
3.8.3.1. Declension of Adjectives in Late Middle English………… |
74 |
3.8.3.2. Degrees of Comparison……………………………………. |
74 |
3.8.4. Adverbs…………………………………………………………… |
75 |
3.8.4.1. Formation of Adverbs……………………………………... |
75 |
3.8.4.2. Comparison of Adverbs…………………………………… |
76 |
3.8.5. The Pronoun………………………………………………………. |
76 |
3.8.5.1. Personal Pronouns…………………………………………. |
76 |
3.8.5.2. Possessive pronouns………………………………………. |
77 |
3.8.5.3. Demonstrative Pronouns…………………………………... |
78 |
3.8.5.4. Rise of the Articles………………………………………… |
78 |
3.8.6. The Verb: General Characteristics……………………………….. |
79 |
3.8.6.1. Changes in the Morphological Classes of Verbs, Strong Verbs |
80 |
3.8.6.2. Weak Verbs………………………………………………... |
82 |
3.8.6.3. Preterite-Present Verbs……………………………………. |
83 |
3.8.6.4. Suppletive verbs…………………………………………… |
85 |
3.8.6.5. Rise of Analytical Forms………………………………….. |
86 |
3.8.7. Development of the Syntactic System……………………………. |
90 |
3.9. Vocabulary Changes…………………………………………………….. |
92 |
3.9.1. Native Derivational Affixes………………………………………. |
93 |
3.9.2. French Derivational Affixes……………………………………… |
93 |
3.9.3. Scandinavian Borrowings………………………………………… |
95 |
3.9.4. French Borrowings……………………………………………….. |
97 |
Part 4 |
|
NEW ENGLISH |
100 |
4.1. The formation of the English National Language……………………….. |
100 |
4.2. Changes in Pronunciation………………………………………………... |
101 |
4.2.1. Development of Unstressed Vowels……………………………… |
101 |
4.2.1.1. Loss of unstressed – e [ə]………………………………….. |
101 |
4.2.1.2. Loss of Vowels in Intermediate Syllables…………………. |
101 |
4.2.2. Stressed Vowels…………………………………………………... |
102 |
4.2.2.1. The Great Vowel Shift…………………………………….. |
102 |
4.2.2.2. Shortening of Long Vowels……………………………….. |
103 |
4.2.2.3. Development of Short Vowels…………………………….. |
103 |
4.2.2.4. The Development of the New Short [л]…………………… |
104 |
4.2.2.5. Changes in Diphthongs……………………………………. |
104 |
4.2.2.6. Vowel Changes under the Influence of Consonants………. |
104 |
4.2.3. Consonants……………………………………………………….. |
106 |
4.2.3.1. Voicing of Voiceless Consonants…………………………. |
106 |
4.2.3.2. Loss of Consonants………………………………………... |
106 |
4.2.3.3. Change of [d] to [ð] when Close to [r]…………………….. |
107 |
4.2.3.4. Development of Sibilants and Affricates………………….. |
108 |
4.3. Changes in Spelling……………………………………………………… |
108 |
4.4. Local Dialects……………………………………………………………. |
110 |
4.4.1. Scottish Dialect…………………………………………………… |
110 |
4.4.2. Northern Dialects…………………………………………………. |
110 |
4.4.3. Western, Central and Southern Dialects………………………….. |
111 |
4.5. Some Essential Grammatical Changes of the New English Period: Morphology |
112 |
4.5.1. The Noun…………………………………………………………. |
112 |
4.5.1.1. Number……………………………………………………. |
112 |
4.5.1.2. Cases………………………………………………………. |
112 |
4.5.2. The Pronoun………………………………………………………. |
112 |
4.5.2.1. Personal Pronouns…………………………………………. |
112 |
4.5.2.2. Possessive Pronouns………………………………………. |
113 |
4.5.3. The Adjective…………………………………………………….. |
113 |
4.5.4. Adverbs…………………………………………………………… |
113 |
4.5.5. The Verb………………………………………………………….. |
114 |
4.5.5.1. Personal Endings………………………………………….. |
114 |
4.5.5.2. Changes in Strong Verbs………………………………….. |
114 |
4.5.5.3. Changes in Weak Verbs…………………………………… |
114 |
4.5.5.4. Rise of Invariable Verbs…………………………………… |
115 |
4.5.5.5. Changes in Preterite-Present Verbs……………………….. |
115 |
4.5.5.6. Irregular Verbs…………………………………………….. |
117 |
4.6. New English Syntax……………………………………………………... |
117 |
4.7. New English Vocabulary Changes………………………………………. |
119 |
4.7.1. Latin Loanwords………………………………………………….. |
120 |
4.7.2. Latinization of French Loanwords………………………………... |
120 |
4.7.3. Greek loanwords………………………………………………….. |
121 |
4.7.4. French Loanwords………………………………………………... |
121 |
4.7.5. Mixed vocabulary of New English……………………………….. |
122 |
4.7.6. Italian and Spanish Loanwords…………………………………… |
122 |
4.7.7. Russian Loanwords………………………………………………. |
123 |
4.8. The Expansion of English…………………………….…………………. |
123 |
4.9. The English Language in the USA……………………………………… |
123 |
4.9.1. Some peculiarities of American Pronunciation…………………... |
124 |
4.9.2. American Spelling………………………………………………... |
126 |
4.9.3. Some peculiarities of American Grammar……………………….. |
127 |
4.9.4. Vocabulary of American English………………………………… |
127 |
Conclusion………………………………………………………………. |
130 |
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….. |
131 |