Conclusion

Analysis of trends in global energy production shows that nuclear power is designed to take the place of one of the main sources of energy in this century, suggests its use not only in the production of electricity and district heating, but also for technological processes, including hydrogen production. Nuclear power does not affect the change in the Earth's climate, because reactors do not produce carbon dioxide. However, if nuclear power is too much, the global reserves of cheap uranium ore will be exhausted within a few decades. In addition, the mass of radioactive waste produced in the U.S. alone that need to be safely stored for at least 10 thousand years, far exceed the amount that can be placed in Yucca Mountain repository. Thus most of the energy that could be extracted from uranium ore, it may be buried with these wastes. Application of a new cycle of nuclear power in fast reactors and regeneration of the spent fuel by reprocessing pirometallurgicheskoi would get energy from the spent uranium ore. The complexity and potential danger of nuclear technologies require significant efforts for the development and implementation, as well as high consumer willingness to use them. All this makes the inertial development of nuclear technology, there is a need for increased, in comparison with the conventional technique, the attention of state agencies. State agencies should take responsibility for the timely development and introduction of innovations in this field of energy production. In the sphere of international responsibility includes both direct analysis and selection of what to do, to provide an appropriate scientific and technical developments, the promotion of commercial industrial structures to implement innovative technologies, as well as preparation of specific users (countries and institutions) to work with nuclear technology. Therefore, evaluating the next stages in the development of nuclear energy, we can confidently predict the combination of evolutionary improvement of waste and successfully implemented technical approaches to the progressive development and the development of new technological solutions that meet the requirements of the nuclear power industry of the future phases.

Radiation Safety

Radiation safety - is primarily a security man. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) considers that if a person is provided radiation safety as the most radiosensitive species, it is ensured and the safety of other species and ecosystems, although the individuals may be harmed. Radiation standards can not be regarded as the boundary between safe and dangerous levels of human exposure. This is due to nonthreshold nature of the action of ionizing radiation and completely eliminate the harmful effects of ionizing radiation is impossible. Absolutely safe level of exposure of people do not exist. Radiation standards are a reasonable compromise between the desire to reduce human exposure and the practical possibilities of reducing this level. Compliance with established standards is a necessary but not sufficient condition for compliance with radiation safety. Requires assessment of whether an optimal level of radiation protection (radiation welfare, radiation). When specific types of work as reasonably achievable level of exposure can be much lower dose limit. For values ​​of radiation doses to people below the standards as necessary to carry out actions to reduce them, but not all, but rather simple and cheap, satisfying the principle of optimization. A brief formulation of the optimization principle is - reducing radiation doses to people to reasonably low levels, taking into account economic and social factors. To achieve an optimal level of exposure and control of its compliance with radiation safety standards required to establish reference levels for both the individual radiation factors and exposure guidelines for workers. The strategy for ensuring radiation safety of the population based on the following principles: - Special attention should be paid to assessing doses, the laws of their formation and reduction of population exposure from those sources of ionizing radiation, which may reach a maximum reduction of total dose exposure of the population at the lowest cost. - Immediate protective measures should be conducted for groups receiving the highest dose from this source (critical groups) The assessment of doses from all sources of ionizing radiation will in each case determine which source protection measures may be most effective to conduct these activities and evaluate their effectiveness by measuring the total radiation dose group of people who carried out these activities. Radiation safety standards apply to the following types of exposure: - Exposure of personnel and population in the normal operation of man-made sources of ionizing radiation. - Exposure of personnel and the public in a radiological accident. -Irradiation of industrial workers and the population of natural sources of ionizing radiation. - Medical exposure of the population. The first two types of radiation produce about 1 (one) percent of the average radiation dose of the population. Pose the significant improvement of radiation situation in the country, reducing the total number of cancers caused by exposure to ionizing radiation by reducing the dose of radiation from these kinds of pointless.

The third and fourth types of radiation from natural and medical sources of radiation, creating about 99 (ninety nine) percent of the average radiation dose of the population. For these types of exposure is a real statement of the problem not only in reducing the exposure of individual groups, but also significantly improve the radiation situation in the country. Natural sources of ionizing radiation make the main contribution to the total radiation dose of the population. They affect people, both in production and in terms of utility. The introduction of the practice of radiation-hygienic certification organizations and territories will receive unbiased information on the degree of well-being of the radiation situation. The transition to a new strategy for ensuring radiation safety will significantly reduce the exposure of the population, making the radiation situation manageable.