11. Model (strategy) of inventory management. Explain the difference between strategy of inventory management, policy of inventory management and inventory control.

Стратегия управления запасами. Разница между стратегией упр. Запасами,

политикой упр. Запасами и контролем запасов.

Today three best-known basic types of inventory management strategies are:

A. The strategy of the greatest circumspection. The size of the required margin is defined as the product of the maximum consumption of resources (in any position) in one day to the maximum duration of the delivery period that was available on orders issued by the company. As a result, reserves are created, which practically can not be fully utilized at the time of registration of the next order of their completion.

B.The strategy of the additional reserve. Warranty requirements provided in this case by creating an additional reserve of material resources. The extra allowance is determined by one of the following methods.

Method 1. The size of the reserve is set equal to the average value of demand multiplied by the coefficient of reliability, the value of which is usually assumed to be 1.25 - 1.40.

Method 2. Backing the number of items is defined as the rate equal to the square root of the average consumption during the period corresponding to the lead time.

C. Strategy percent of demand. At the heart of this strategy is the analysis of the frequency of demand for inventories as a result of work in one day. The data on the magnitude of demand recorded in the schedule of distribution of cumulative production. Then set the portion of the total number of periods of the award, which allowed for complete consumption of resources does not entail the violation of the manufacturing process. From this value from the specified schedule is determined by the magnitude of demand, corresponding to the established cases of full use of reserves.Inventory control strategy is based mainly on the implementation of well-known control systems (control) stocks (control system (in literature called the "control system" and "regulatory system") reserves - a complex of measures for the establishment and replenishment of stocks, the organization of continuous monitoring and operational planning of supply). First, it is a system with a fixed order quantity, and secondly, a system with a fixed frequency order, and thirdly, the system at specified intervals up to a constant replenishment level, and fourthly, the system of "minimum-maximum".

Inventory management is primarily about specifying the shape and percentage of stocked goods. It is required at different locations within a facility or within many locations of a supply network to precede the regular and planned course of production and stock of materials. The scope of inventory management concerns the fine lines between replenishment lead time, carrying costs of inventory, asset management, inventory forecasting, inventory valuation, inventory visibility, future inventory price forecasting, physical inventory, available physical space for inventory, quality management, replenishment, returns and defective goods, and demand forecasting. Balancing these competing requirements leads to optimal inventory levels, which is an on-going process as the business needs shift and react to the wider environment.

Inventory management involves a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check. It also involves systems and processes that identify inventory requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques, report actual and projected inventory status and handle all functions related to the tracking and management of material. This would include the monitoring of material moved into and out of stockroom locations and the reconciling of the inventory balances. It also may include ABC analysis, lot tracking, cycle counting support, etc. Management of the inventories, with the primary objective of determining/controlling stock levels within the physical distribution system, functions to balance the need for product availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and handling costs.

Inventory Control is the supervision of supply, storage and accessibility of items in order to ensure an adequate supply without excessive oversupply.

It can also be referred as internal control - an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error etc.

12. Control of logistics intermediary activities.

The main steps in the analysis of the intermediaries can be distinguished: • Evaluation of mediators by the relay performance ("yes" / "no"); • Identification of ranks by other indicators of evaluation; • calculation of indicators to measure the weights; • quantitative analysis using the reference values​​; • analysis of quality indicators in terms of the desirability of Harrington; • calculation of the integral evaluation. To assess the quality of the mediator which are included in the logistic chain, may be recommended a statistical method - a method of constructing control charts.

13. Storage costs: possible variants of calculation.

To calculate the cost of storing unsold goods impossible if you do not know how long this product will be based on the stock. The magnitude of these costs can only be predicted!

Step 1. We use a general formula for the cost of storing N product.

Product = Cm keeping. beats. x Tobor. stock x Vprod. Goods

where Zhran. goods - the cost of storage of goods;

Sthran. beats. - Unit cost of storage, that is, the costs per unit of storage capacity per unit of time (usually a day). Measured in rubles per unit of storage capacity per day.

The unit of storage capacity - a measure of the capacity of the warehouse: m2, m3Vprod. Product - the number of goods sold in units of storage capacity.

This formula allows us to calculate the cost of storage: in the whole of goods sold; for each item / article / type of goods; by product groups (in any context); for each batch of each sheet / type of product (if you need high precision calculations).

Step 2. We expect the volume of goods sold. The volume of goods sold is calculated in units of storage capacity using the formula: The volume of goods sold per month = the volume of a storage unit x number of units sold per store per month. Information on the number sold (released from the warehouse) units of storage per month is taken from the accounting system. If the power is measured by the warehouse, such as pallet-places, respectively, to recalculate the amount of sales in these units. The volume of the storage unit is calculated by dividing the number of pallets of items on it: Volume = volume of a storage unit pallet / number of items per pallet. Storage unit depends on the characteristics of accounting and may be a unit of goods or packaging (eg box).

Step 3. Determine the period of turnover of stocks. The period of turnover of stocks - this time from the date of the actual arrival of the consignment at the warehouse prior to shipment to the client the last storage unit of the party. It is usually measured in days.

Step 4. Calculate the unit cost of storage. The unit cost of storage may even sure is a dynamic value: the amount contained in the stock of goods from day to day changes. Sthran. beats. = Zezhedn. TsVhr. Fact where Zezhedn. - The average daily cost. Although, if you require such precision, you can turn on and the actual daily expenses;Vhr. fact - the actual volume of goods being in stock, in units of power storage.Often it is enough to average daily stock at the beginning of the day. Although, if the actual daily costs are calculated using the period of turnover (dynamic) for each batch, you must use the value of the actual daily volume of the goods lying in stock, in units of storage capacity.Step 5. Set the average daily stockThe average value of daily stock in this case should be calculated as the total stock of all sheet / product types, located on a given day in the warehouse.Thus, to obtain the amount of storage at the beginning of the day in units of storage capacity to store for each product in the storage units are multiplied by the volume of the storage unit.Step 6. Determine the average daily costIn calculating this indicator must take into account that the cost of a warehouse include costs for: rent, salaries of employees of the warehouse (eg, salaries), security services, communications, office supplies, utilities, etc. Dividing the sum of the cost of storage per month the number of calendar days in a month (because the company spends money in the days when the store does not work: pay rent, security services, etc.) and then dividing by the resulting margin in units of storage capacity, we obtain the unit cost expenses.For example, a company spends on stock 1.68 million rubles. Costs are calculated as of October, in which 31 calendar days. The average value of cost per day per unit storage capacity are:Cost per month / number of days / / average value of daily stock == 000/31/727 1680, 94 = 74.45 rub/dn/m3.Thus, the average cost of 1 m3 of storage of goods is equal to 74.45 rubles. a day.Step 7. We believe the costUsing data from the period of turnover of stocks in each article / product type and the average storage cost of 1 m3 of product per day, get the value of the cost of storing product