- •The adjective. Types of adj. Degrees of comparison.
- •The numeral and its properties.
- •The verb. Classification of verbs.
- •Classification of verbs:
- •The verb. The category of tense
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of aspect in modern English
- •8. The category of mood
- •9. The noun. The category of number
- •10. The noun. The category of case
- •Grammatical peculiarities
- •Formation of tenses
- •Substitutes
- •13. The problem and the essence of the article in English.
- •15. The essence of the Perfect forms.
- •16.The pronoun.
- •17. Statives. The category of State .
- •The Functions of the Stative:
- •18. Morphemes.
- •19. The infinitive
- •I. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •II. The Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction (The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
- •IV. The Absolute Infinitive Construction
- •22. The notion of a grammatical category. Its distinction from notional and philosophical categories.
- •23. Parts of speech and principles of their classification.
- •1 Principle
- •2 Principle
- •3 Principle
- •24. The sentence. The classification of sent-s according to their structure and communicative purposes.
- •25. Types of the simple sentences.
- •27 The object. Types of objects.
- •Types of object
- •Forms of object
- •28 The attribute. Types of attributes.
- •§ 87. From the point of view of their connection with the headword and other parts of the sentence, attributes may be divided into nondetached (close) and detached (loose) ones.
- •30. The predicate. Types of predicates.
- •31. Phrases. Types of phrases.
- •1. Attributive
- •2. Objective
- •32. Syndetic complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •Classification:
- •33. Types of syntactic connection in a phrase:
- •Basic Word Order
- •Word order patterns
- •Word order in different sentences
- •Statements (Declarative sentences)
- •Questions (Interrogative sentences)
- •36. Composite sentences. Its difference from the simple sentence.
- •37. Types of adverbial modifiers.
- •Semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifier
- •§ 100. This adverbial expresses:
- •§ 101. The adverbial of time has four variations:
- •§ 104. This adverbial answers the identifying questions what for? for what purpose? It is most frequently expressed by an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or complex.
- •§ 111. This adverbial is expressed by a noun denoting a unit of measure (length, time, weight, money, temperature).
- •§ 112. This adverbial is expressed by nouns or prepositional phrases introduced by the prepositions but, except, save, but for, except for, save for, apart from, aside from, with the exclusion of.
- •38. The sequence of tences in English. Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Part 2. Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses
- •Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •Exception from the rule
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •40. The verb. The categories of person and number.
- •Verb: Person and Number.
- •In a communicative act, third person pronouns can be deictic and non-deictic (anaphoric).
- •In English, only the third person present tense singular form expresses person grammatically; therefore, the verb forms are obligatorily associated with personal pronouns.
- •I shall speak English
- •I am at home.
- •I was at home.
- •42. The semi-complex sentence.
- •43. The semi-compound sentence.
- •45. Смотри 40
- •46. The adverbs.
- •2) Spatial.
The verb. Classification of verbs.
General. The verb is a part of speech denoting action or state. However, there are some verbs, which have other meanings – modal verbs, link verbs etc.
Grammatical categories. Tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time & expresses relations between the time of the action and that of the utterance.
Voice – active and passive(object becomes subject).
Mood – there 3 types of mood in eng:
The Indicative shows that what is said must be regarded as a fact (so, it has a wide variety of tense and aspect forms in active and passive forms).
The Imperative expresses a command or request to perform an action, addressed to sb, but not the action itself.
The Subjunctive is the category which is used to express non-facts-unreal actions and facts(here are 3 types of conditionals).
Aspect, in general, shows the way or manner, in which the action is performed,i.e. Whether the action is im/perfective, momentary, durative etc. Continious and common aspect.
Perfect is constituted by the opposition of the perfect and non-perfect.
Formation. Suffixes/prefixes. Conversion(water-to water). Compound combination(to blackmail).
Transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive are verbs that have direct objects(he invited me), intransitive cant have direct object of their own(I live in Krasnodar).
Detransitive:t-in: open-открывать-(ся), drop-ронять-падать, begin-начинать-(ся), grow-выращивать-расти.
Classification of verbs:
finites – non-finites
regular – irregular
notional – semi-notional (auxiliary, link and modal verbs) e.g. The girl is reading. The room is large. The soup tastes delicious. The trousers have grown short. We needn’t have opened the door. We didn’t need to open the door.
transitive – intransitive · Primary meaning – transitive (I’m reading) · Primary meaning – intransitive (He walks his dog every evening) · It’s difficult to say which meaning is primary (The weather changes. The Dean changed the timetable)
terminative – non-terminative (durative – non-durative) e.g. close, shut, put, take – sleep, walk, love, live e.g. We are building a cottage – We have built a cottage.
According to their semantic structure the finite verbs are divided into:
notional which possess full lexical meaning
seminotional – they have very general faded lexical meaning a. auxiliary verbs - they perform purely grammatical function b. modal verbs - they express relational meaning, ability, obligation and so on. auxiliary – no lexical meaning, only grammatical //do, be c. link verbs -introducing predicative which is expressed by noun,adj,phrase (to seem)
Here we’re to mention of the existence of the notional link verbs, this are verbs which have the power to perform the function of link verbs and they preserve their lexical value. Ex:The Moon rose red. Due to the double syntactic character, the hole predicate is reffered to as a double predicate (a predicate of double orientation)
Notional verbs - the 1-st categorization on the basis of the subject process relation. The verbs are divided into actional and statal.
Actional - express the action, performed by the subject (do, act, make)
Statal verbs - they denote the state of their subject (be, stand, know)
This criteria apply to more specific subsets of words: ex: The verbs of mental process, here we observe the verbs of mental perception and activity, sensual process (see-look)
The 2-nd categorization is based on the aspective characteristic. Too aspective subclasses of verbs should be recognized in English limitive (close,arrive) and unlimitive (behave,move). The basis of this division is the idea of a processual limit. That is some border point beyond which the process doesn’t exist.
The 3-rd categorization is based on the combining power of the verbs. The combing power of words in relation to other words in syntactically subordinate positions is called their syntactic valency. Syntactic valency may be obligatory & optional. The obligatory adjuncts are called complements and optional adjuncts are called supplements. According as verbs have or don’t have the power to take complements, the notional words should classed as complimentive (transitive and intransitive)or uncomplimentive (personal and impersonal)
Terminative – denote actions which can’t develop beyond a certain limit (to stand up, to sit down, to come, to take).
Non-terminative – have no limit (to love, to sit, to work, to walk)
Non-finite forms of verbs.
Linking verbs connect the subject and the predicative complement and shows the relationship between them(Tom is a doctor). Main linking verb is BE. Other verbs that can function as linking verbs: become, seem, appear, look, feel, grow, get.
Verbals. All verbs, except modal verbs, have four verbal forms which are called non-finite verb forms or verbals: the infinitive, present participle, past participle, and gerund. Verbals have some properties of the verb, for example, they can have perfect and passive forms and take an object. Verbals also have some properties of the other parts of speech, for example, gerund and infinitive can be used in the function of nouns; present participle and past participle can function as adjectives.
The infinitive is the base form of the verb plus the particle "to": to play, to see, to walk. Bare infinitive (i.e., infinitive without the particle "to") is used after modal verbs and after several other verbs(make, let). The infinitive has several forms: simple / active (to read), passive (to be read), continuous (to be reading), perfect (to have read), perfect continuous (to have been reading). Simple / active and passive infinitive forms are the most common. An infinitive can function as the subject, part of the predicate, object, attribute, adverbial modifier.
Present participle is formed by adding the ending -ing to the base form and is used in the formation of the continuous tenses and perfect continuous tenses: We are reading a new book. Present participle can also function as an adjective: a sleeping child, a dancing girl.
Past participle is formed (regular verbs)by adding the ending -ed to the base form: saved, played, answered; irregular verbs form the past participle mostly by changing the root: sold, written, done. Past participle is used in the formation of the perfect tenses and tenses in the passive: He has written two letters. Past participle can also function as an adjective: a broken window, a written exam.
Gerund is formed by adding the ending -ing to the base form: smoking. A gerund functions as a noun, for example: Walking is good for your health. Gerunds can be in active, perfect, and passive forms, of which the simple active form is the most common. Examples: He remembers giving the money to that man. He remembers having given the money to that man. That man doesn't remember being given the money. That man doesn't remember having been given the money.