Заведующий кафедрой
иностранных языков
____________Т.М.Рогожникова
Уфимский государственный Кафедра иностранных
авиационный технический университет языков
Экзаменационный билет
Специальность Вопрос
Famous people of science ахd engineering
Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich was а well-known aircraft engineer and manufacturer.
Sikorsky was born in 1889 in Kiev, in the Ukraine, and got his education at the naval college in St. Petersburg, and later in Kiev and Paris. Не was the first to make experiments in helicopter design. In 1913 he designed, built, and flew the first successful aeroplane. Later he built military aircrafts for Russia and France.
In 1919 Sikorsky moved to the United States and later helped to organize an aircraft company that produced а series of multiengine flying boats for commercial service. Sikorsky became an American citizen in 1928. In the late 1930s he returned to developing helicopters and produced the first successful helicopter in the west. Helicopters designed by Sikorsky were used mostly by the US Army Air Forces during World War II. Не died in 1972 at the age of 83.
Tupolev Andrey Nikolayevich, famous aircraft designer, was born in! 888. Не graduated frот the Moscow Higher Technical School, where he designed the first Russian wind tunnel. Не helped to found the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute in 1918 and later worked as the head of its design bureau. During, his career he directed the design of more than 100 military and commercial aircraft, including the TU-2 and TU-4 bombers used in the World War II. In 1955 he designed the TU-104, the first passenger jet airliner. His TU-144 supersonic jet liner began its commercial passenger flights in 1977.
Заведующий кафедрой
иностранных языков
____________Т.М.Рогожникова
Уфимский государственный Кафедра иностранных
авиационный технический университет языков
Экзаменационный билет
Специальность Вопрос
“Metals”
Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy .
The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.
The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them а crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of metals depend on the size shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, а metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.
Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to а риге metal. This is called аlloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
A11 metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when desiring for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical рrосеssеs. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such а» lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.
The ways of working а metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted and cast in moulds. but special conditions are required for metals that react wity air.