4. Sound interchange

This is the way of word formation when some sounds are changed to form a new word. It is not productive in Modern English.

E.g. To sing – a song, hot – to heat, bath – to bathe, breath – to breathe.

5. Shortening / clipping

It is known in the English language since the 15^th c. It has grown more and more productive ever since.

e.g. fridge (refrigerator)

mike (microphone)

telly (television)

trank (tranquilizer)

6. Blending / fusion

Blends are formations that combine two words. The first constituent of a blend is a stem with the final part missing, and the second constituent is a stem with the initial part missing. Sometimes this way of word formation is called telescoping.

e.g. snob (sin nobilite)

bit (binary digit)

smog (smoke + frog)

Blends seem to be on the rise, especially in trade advertisements.

7. Distinctive stress / stress interchange

It can be mostly met in verbs and nouns of Romanic origin: nouns have the stress on the first syllable and verbs on the last syllable.

E.g. ‘conduct- to con’duct, ‘produce – to pro’duce, ‘conflict – to con’flict, ‘progress – to pro’gress,’ increase – to in’crease,’record – to re’cord, ‘export – to ex’port, ‘transport – to trans’port.

8. Sound imitation / onomatopoeia

This is the naming of an action or thing by a reproduction of a sound associated with it.

E. g. words naming sounds and movement of water are: to babble- журчать, to flush – хлынуть, to gurgle - булькать, to splash – плескать.

The majority of onomatopoeic words serve to name sounds or movements. Most of them a re verbs easily turned into nouns: E.g. bump( удариться) , hum( жужжать), rustle ( шуршать).

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