2. Compounding

Compound words are words consisting of at least 2 stems which occur in the language as free forms. Compounds are indivisible, i.e. it is impossible to insert another word or word-group between its elements.

e.g. time-table, sunbeam

Classification of compounds according to the way components are joined together

Neutral	two stems are joined together without connecting elements	honey-moon, fifty-five, to window-shop, brain-drain
Morphological	Components are joined by a linking element	astro-space, handi-craft(ремесло, ручная работа),sportsman
Syntactical	Components are joined by a preposition or conjunction	here-and-there, free-for-all, do-or-die (общедоступный)

Classification of compounds according to their structure

Compounds proper	Consist of two stems	To job-hunt, train-sick, go-go (a type of dancing performed to pop music in pubs and clubs by young women wearing very few clothes),
Affixed compounds	Besides the stems there are affixes	honey-mooner, chain-smoker
Compounds consisting of three or more stems		Cornflower-blue, eggshell-thin, wastepaper-basket
Compound-shortened words	One of the stems or sometimes both are shortened	V-day, Xmas, Eurodollar, intervision, Skylab, AIDSophobia, Centcom (Central Command),

Semi – affixes

There are words in the English vocabulary which occur as independent nouns but at the same time are very frequently used as second elements of compounds:

e.g. man: seaman, policeman, gentleman, yes-man

berry: gooseberry, cranberry, strawberry

land: motherland, homeland

-like (godlike, ladylike, manlike, business-like, suchlike)

-proof (waterproof, foolproof, shockproof, kiss proof (about a lipstick))

-worthy (noteworthy, untrustworthy)

-wise=like (crabwise, ostrich-wise, otherwise, likewise, clockwise, crosswise.

3. CONVERSION

Conversion is the process of coining a new word without adding any derivative element.

e.g. His voice silenced everybody.

Conversion is considered to be the predominant method of English word-formation. The main reason for the widespread development of conversion is no doubt the absence of morphemes signalling the part of speech.

e.g. back (N- спина, V - to back – поддерживать, субсидировать, A- задний:back entrance, отдаленный back street, Adv – назад, обратно)

home (N - дом, жилище,V- возвращаться домой,A- домашний, Adv –домой.)

round ( N- раунд, V-to round- округлять A- круглый, Adv- вокруг)

Examples:

N > V: to eye- наблюдать, to finger - трогать, перебирать пальцами, to hand - передать, вручить, to elbow – толкать локтями, to hammer – забивать молотком, to knife – резать ножом, to pocket –присвоить, прикарманить, to chair - председательствовать, to star- играть главную роль, to screen (экранизировать)

V > N (Deverbal nouns) A bore, a tease, a cut, drive, stand, walk.