25. When life is quite through with

when life is quite through with

and leaves say alas,

much is to do

for the swallow, that closes

a flight in the blue;

when love's had his tears out,

perhaps shall pass

a million years

(while a bee dozes

on the poppies, the dears;

when all's done and said, and

under the grass

lies her head

by oaks and roses

deliberated.)

e.e. cummings

Appendix II Definitions of sd

Alliteration –a repetition of consonants, usually in the beginning of words.

Anadiplosis (catch repetition) – a kind of repetition when the end of one clause (sentence) is repeated in the beginning of the following one.

Anaphora –a repetition of the beginnings of words, clauses or sentences.

Anticlimax (bathos, back gradation) – a climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought which defeats expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in complete semantic reversal of the emphasized idea.

Antithesis – a stylistic opposition based on the relative opposition which arises out of the context through the expansion of objectively contrasting pairs, often built in the form of parallel constructions.

Antonomasia – a use of a proper name instead of a common noun or vice versa, in the latter case often fulfilling the function of a “speaking name”.

Apokoinu construction – the omission of the pronominal (adverbial) connective, which creates a blend of the main and the subordinate clauses so that the predicative or the object of first one is simultaneously used as the subjext of the second one.

Aposiopesis (break-in-the-narrative) – a sudden incompleteness of sentence or utterance structure due to emotional or/ and psychological state of the speaker.

Assonance –a repetition of vowels, usually in stressed syllables.

Asyndeton – a deliberate omission of conjunctions.

Attachment – a separation of the second part of the utterance from the first one by a full stop while their semantic and grammatical ties remaining still very strong.

Cacophony – a sense of strain and discomfort in pronouncing and hearing.

Capitalization – a shaping of words in capital letters.

Chain repetition – several successive anadiploses, i.e. the ends of the clauses (sentences) are repeated in the following ones.

Chiasmus – a reversed parallelism, when the second part of a chiasmus is, in fact, inversion of the first construction.

Climax (gradation) – a kind of semantically complicated parallelism in which each next word is logically more important or emotionally stronger and more explicit.

Detachment – a specific arrangement of sentence based on singling out a secondary member of the sentence with the help of punctuation marks – commas, dashes or even a full stop.

Ellipsis – a deliberate omission of at least one member of the sentence which can easily be reconstructed.

Epiphora – a repetition of the end of successive clauses, sentences, and occasionally words.

Epithet – an expressive attributive word, phrase or even sentence, used to characterize an object, giving an individual perception and evaluation of some properties or features of this object.

Euphony – a sense of ease and comfort in pronouncing and hearing.

Framing repetition – a repetition of the beginning of a clause (sentence) in its end, forming a frame for non-repeated part of the sentence (utterance).

Graphon – an intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation.

Hyperbole – a deliberate exaggeration of dimensions or other properties of the object.

Hyphenation – a deliberate use of hyphens in graphical shape of a word.

Inversion – a deliberate change of the word order in the sentence when a predicate or its part precedes a subject (except the cases of grammatical inversion in interrogative sentences).

Irony – a specific arrangement of the context reversing the direction of evaluation implied in the dictionary meaning of a word.

Italics – a change of type, printing of the sloping kind of letters.

Litotes – a two-component structure in which two negations are joined to give a positive evaluation.

Metaphor – transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects.

Metonomy – transference of names based on common grounds of existence in reality.

Multiplication – a repetition of a grapheme (letter of a word).

Nonsense of non-sequence – an extension of syntactical valency that results in joining two semantically disconnected clauses into one sentence.

Onomatopoeia –a use of words whose sounds imitate those of the signified object or action.

Oxymoron – a combination of two words (mostly an adjective and a noun or an adverb with an adjective) in which the meanings of the two clash, being opposite in sense.

Ordinary repetition – a repetition in various positions without definite order.

One-member sentence – a sentence consisting only of a nominal group, which is semantically and communicatively self-sufficient.

Parallel constructions – a reiteration of the structure of several successive sentences (clauses).

Periphrasis – a usage of a roundabout way of expression instead of a simpler one.

Personification – transference of names based on the associated likeness between inanimate and animate objects.

Polysyndeton – a repeated use of conjunctions.

Pun – a deliberate usage of one word-form in two meanings.

Rhetorical question – a peculiar interrogative construction which semantically remains a statement.

Semantically false chain – a number of homogeneous members, semantically disconnected, but attached to the same word, mostly a verb – a variation of zeugma.

Simile – an imaginative comparison of two unlike objects belonging to two different classes connected by link words “like”, “as”, “as though”, “as…as”, etc. or by notional words, mostly verbs, implying comparison ( a disguised simile).

Successive repetition – a string of closely following each other reiterated units.

Suspense – a deliberate postponing of the end of the sentence or paragraph.

Synecdoche – transference of names based on the relations between the part and the whole.

Understatement (meiosis) – a deliberate lessening, weakening, reducing of the real characteristics of the object.

Zeugma – a deliberate combination of two or more semantically heterogeneous, or even incompatible, words with the same verb.

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