The principal measures and means of protection from hata.

The chemical safety is a condition, at which the time of harmful HATA influence is excluded or maximally decreased. It is achieved by realization of a complex of measures limiting a level of pollution of environment, use of means and ways of protection from these pollution.

The level of pollution basically is determined by a complex of non-production measures of modern manufacture.

At the same time, in some cases, especially at acts of nature, there can be failures leading to emission of significant amounts of HATA. In this conditions the levels of pollution can considerably exceed HAC and can come near to affecting or fatal concentrations. That is why each worker, all population as a whole, living close to object of chemical danger, should know what HATA are used on this object, what HAC are established for a working zone, industrial buildings and settlements, what security measures require strict observance, what ways and means of protection are necessary to use in various situations. Let's disassemble a complex of measures of protection from HATA.

Complex of protection measures from HATA:

1. Non-production measures on a storage and usage of HATA.

2. Daily chemical control (gas signaling apparatus).

3. Providing workers and employees with means of individual protection (industrial ПГ of a mask To, М, (ammonia), М, Т-5, Т-4 (chlorine).

4. Forecasting zones of contamination.

5. Notification about danger of an affect.

6. Chemical investigation.

7. Usage of means of collective and individual protection.

8. Search and rendering of the medical help to victims.

9. Evacuation of the people from a dangerous zone.

10. Localization and liquidation of contamination.

On objects having HATA, measures beforehand are planned which provide safety of work, and also liquidation of the center of an affect or industrial failure. At the enterprises having HATA, the plan of protection of workers and employees of object is developed" in case of failure ".

By its development and estimation of probable conditions they proceed from an opportunity of simultaneous emission of all HATA, available on object, and distribution of high concentration of their steams under optimal meteorological conditions (speed of a wind 1 м/sec and degree of vertical stability of air - inversion). In the "plan" the characteristic of HATA is resulted and that is underlined in shops, storehouses, the communications these substances are contained in. Here the estimation of possible chemical conditions on object is given in case of failure, account of involved forces and means, including other enterprises of city.

The plans are developed graphically with notes. In the plans are reflected: the estimation of possible chemical conditions at chemically dangerous failure; organization of the notification about failure and its possible consequences; organization of revealing and control of chemical conditions, localization of the center; organization of temporary evacuation and shelter of the personnel, population, forces, organization of access and moving of the people from the zones of contamination; organization of usage of means of individual and collective protection; organization of realization of medical measures; organization and order of participation in liquidation of failure.

The forecast and the quantitative estimation of damaging and lethal action of chemical substances on human organism makes a key part in planning and realization of measures at liquidation of consequences of large-scale chemical accidents. The problem of forecasting of such influence traditionally occupies a priority point in the list of tasks solved by toxicology. All personnel of the enterprise should be acquainted with:

• the scheme of notification of the workers and population in case of failure by the a radio,

• the order of readiness of military formations,

• the order of shelter of the people in protective structures and usage of individual protection means by them,

• the order of their evacuation for limits of the center from a zone of dangerous contamination,

• security measures at performance of various measures stipulated by the plan.

The plan is developed in view of features of the "know-how" and usage of HATA on the given object at participation of all main experts.

On the basis of the developed plans the protective capacities of the enterprise, of region are defined and provide situations requiring attraction of additional forces and means. The plans on liquidation of failure include also section of preparation of the personnel in the form of different studies. Especially are important the complex studies on interaction of various divisions at stages of the medical help, improvement of the coordinated actions with services of the enterprise and area. During the studies the measures of the prevention of distribution of contamination from the center by the persons participating in liquidation of failure, and injured are fulfilled; should be stipulated medical posts for sanitary processing, special bags for the collection of clothes, that is especially important in a cold period of year, when the persons who have arrived(a staff of liquidation of failure or medical establishments directly from a place of failure), on footwear and clothes can brought with themselves harmful substances in rooms and this can result in stopping of operation of medical workers. The distinctions in ability to evaporation of chemical connections at differences of temperature of an environment should thus specially be provided at organization of work of all divisions.

At realization of the studies it is necessary to pay attention to distinctions in tactics of behavior of the participants depending on a stage of liquidation of failure. On the initial stage at detection of failure the primary comprehension of its danger is important; the duly message on failure according to the accepted schemes; an estimation of conditions and acceptance of the decision about necessary engaging of the existing plans of forces and means; attraction of the advisers and experts. The experience convinces of necessity to work taking into consideration the greatest possible losses and consequences.

At a stage of localization and liquidation of the contamination center it is important to carry out the estimation of object, to determine degree of its danger, to accept the decision on necessary means of protection of the salvors and persons eliminating failure, to determine ways of evacuation of victims, arrangement of medical divisions; duly sorting of victims, and also revealing and survey all taking part in failure; the termination of outflow of substance into an environment, clearing of the center, destruction of the assembled charges.

The special attention is deserved to the duly notification about outflow of HATA, especially in night time.

The personnel of object should well know the HATA characteristic, which are used or made on their enterprise, feature of technology of their processing, reception and storage, to know the scheme of HATA transportation from a place most dangerous from the point of view of possible steams stagnation. Workers and the employees of object should well know, that " the Plan of protection from HATA " only in that case will play its role, when the organizational and non-production measures are carried out beforehand, the constant readiness of formations ПР and ПХЗ, fire measures, medical service is supported. An indispensable condition of successful realization of the plan is also readiness of special engineering for immediate reaction, creation of a necessary stock of degasation substances.

Taking into account features of affection HATA steams concentration, the works on liquidation of failures must be started immediately. And, the basic efforts of technicians and non-military formations must be directed on prevention of the further outflow of substances and localization of the formed center. The following sequence of actions is provided:

• After detection of the facts of HATA outflow or emission the system of the notification immediately works.

• According to the scheme of the notification the on duty dispatcher first of all reports about the failure to the management of the enterprise and commanders of non-military formations.

• The sound signal of the notification about failure immediately is transferred to shops and industrial sites, where the realization of the plan of protection begins.

• The investigation team is sent to the center of an affect.

• The center is simultaneously surrounded.

• Workers and employees evacuate.

• The first medical help is rendered to victims.

• At impossibility of fast evacuation, workers, employees, the population, covered themselves in shelters, in a mode of complete isolation.

• In the industrial buildings, which are in a contaminated zone, the coming in ventilation is switched off.

• Personnel of a gas-rescue service and detachment (team, the groups), ПР and ПХЗ begin liquidation of failure.

• To stop outflow of HATA:

• Block cranes, gates flowing of a latch on pipelines, blocking devices etc.

• Disconnect all working pumps, which support pressure in pipelines going to tanks and technical installations.

• Contents of faulty storehouses merge or pump in reserve capacities.

• Prevent distribution of a cloud of poisonous gases, put water limits, make heaps round the place of failure, close up cracks and breaks in tanks and pipelines.

• To dig holes for collecting and destroying toxic substances.

It is necessary to notice, that at realization of all these works, the commanders of formations support constant communication with technicians and management of object, coordinate with them separate operations.

After localization of the center, the teams of de-contamination begin to clean the roads, sites of district and buildings polluted with liquid HATA.

The special attention of a team must be paid on places, where the steam stagnation in territory of object and on a way of their distribution to an inhabited zone is possible. These sites at the majority of objects are revealed beforehand, and at failure - are reconnoitered and carefully degasated.

Carrying out works in the center, the personnel of formations keeps safety measures. The greatest danger is represented by the substances which are taking place in a liquid or liquefied condition. Some of them (ammonia, trichlorid phosphorus, hydrogen fluoride), when getting on open sites of skin, cause burns. Therefore, it is necessary to work in means of skin protection. Carbon disulfide and hydrogen fluoride evaporate slowly and for a long time are kept in places of emission. In such cases the special attention is paid on degasation.

Co and ammonia steams are badly absorbed by filtering gas masks ГП-5у and ГП-7. In places of their stagnation the lowered contents of oxygen is marked, therefore at work with them isolate and special industrial gas masks or self-salvors of isolate type must be used.

Many HATA may form steams, incorporating with air, and also inflammable explosive mixes. So, the mix of air with carbon disulfide is ignited already at temperature 260 C. It requires extra care during welding works etc. under abnormal condition - reconstruction works, especially in the closed buildings.