- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни
- •We Study Economics
- •Contents
- •My speciality. Manager………………………………………………...20
- •Модальні дієслова..............................................................................238
- •Introduction
- •1. The economy of ukraine
- •2. The economy of the usa
- •3. The economy of great britain Lead-in:
- •What is Britain’s economy based on?
- •4. My university
- •5. My speciality. Economist
- •6. My speciality. Manager
- •7. Market
- •8. Company structure
- •9. Forms of business
- •10. Business strategy
- •11. Franchising
- •12. Goods manager
- •13. My speciality. Marketing manager
- •14. My speciality. Customs inspector
- •15. Market
- •16. Marketing and promotion
- •17.Types of goods
- •18. Advertising
- •19. Exhibitions and fairs
- •20. My speciality. Accounting and audit
- •21. My speciality. Finance and credit
- •22. My specialty. Banking
- •23. Imf and the world bank
- •24. The banking industry
- •25. Money
- •26. Taxation
- •27. Stock exchange
- •Тексти та вправи Texts and exercises
- •Introducing economics
- •Command economy
- •Command economy with some household choice
- •Summarizing.
- •The government and market systems
- •Comprehension:
- •Viewpoint:
- •How markets work
- •Comprehension:
- •Viewpoint:
- •4. Demand and supply
- •Comprehension:
- •Summarizing.
- •5. Inflation and deflation
- •Viewpoint:
- •6. Market leaders, challengers and followers
- •7. Company finance, ownership and management
- •Viewpoint:
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •9. Futures, options and swaps
- •Comprehension:
- •Summarizing. Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •10. Buyouts
- •“You can’t buy a company merely by buying its shares”
- •Viewpoint:
- •11. Principles of taxation
- •Viewpoint:
- •12. Types of taxes
- •13. Foreign direct investment
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •14. Accounting and bookkeeping
- •15. Accounting and financial statements
- •Summarizing.
- •Text organization.
- •Viewpoint:
- •16. Types of financial satatements
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •17. Current account and capital account
- •Two main categories in the balance of payments are the balance account and the capital account.
- •Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •18. Auditing
- •Summarizing.
- •Text organization.
- •Viewpoint:
- •19. Marketing
- •Comprehension:
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •20. The centrality of marketing
- •Is fitting the market to the product.”
- •21. Advertizing
- •Summarizing.
- •Text organization.
- •22. The business cycle
- •Comprehension:
- •Summarizing.
- •23. The business cycle and government
- •Intervention
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •24. Macroeconomics
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •25. Money
- •A medium of exchange
- •Comprehension:
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •26. Money and banks
- •I had almost said timidity, is the life of banking”
- •Summarizing.
- •27. Banking and financial services
- •In great britain
- •Management
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •29.International business
- •Comprehension:
- •Summarizing.
- •30. International trade
- •Summarizing. Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •Viewpoint:
- •31. International trade.
- •Summarizing.
- •32. Protectionism and free trade
- •Comprehension:
- •Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •33. International oranizations and free trade
- •34. Free trade and developing countries
- •Summarizing. Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •35. Economics and ecology
- •Clichés and useful phrases for annotations:
- •For abstracts:
- •Ділова кореспонденція business writing business writing
- •Comments
- •Comments
- •Memo (memoranda)
- •Comments
- •Curriculum vitae (Am. E.: resume)
- •Cover letter
- •Comments
- •Letter of enquiry
- •Comments
- •Reply to enquiry
- •Comments
- •Contract
- •Comments
- •§ 1. Артикль (the article)
- •§ 2. Іменник (the noun) множина іменників
- •Відмінок (the case)
- •§ 3. Прикметник (the adjective)
- •§ 4. Сполучники as...As, not so...As, than при утворенні ступенів порівняння прикметників
- •§ 5. Числівник (the numeral)
- •Календарні дати
- •§ 6. Займенник (the pronoun)
- •Неозначені займенники
- •§7 Дієслово (the verb)
- •Часи дієслова (tenses)
- •Спосіб дієслова (the mood)
- •Стан дієслова (the voice)
- •Пасивний стан (the passive voice)
- •Особливості вживання речень у пасивному стані в англійській мові
- •Переклад речень з дієсловом у пасивному стані
- •I am not a student. Я не студент. Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Пасивний стан
- •Майбутній тривалий час (the future continuous tense)
- •Вживання
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •§ 8. Дієприкметник
- •(The participle)
- •Дієприкметник теперішнього часу
- •(The present participle)
- •Дієприкметник минулого часу (the past participle) утворення
- •Вживання
- •Функції
- •Перфектний дієприкметник (the perfect participle)
- •Значення та вживання
- •Самостійний дієприкметниковий зворот (the absolute participial construction)
- •(The infinitive)
- •Об'єктний інфінітивний комплекс (the objective infinitive complex)
- •Суб'єктний інфінітивний комплекс (the subjective infinitive complex)
- •Прийменниковий інфінітивний комплекс (the prepositional infinitive complex)
- •§ 10. Модальні дієслова (modal verbs) загальні відомості
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Дієслово may
- •Дієслово must
- •Модальні дієслова should, ought
- •§ 11. Порядок слів в англійському реченні розповідні речення (word order. Affirmative sentences)
- •§ 12. Питальні речення (interrogative sentences)
- •§ 13. Узгодження часів у додатковому підрядному реченні (sequences of tenses)
- •§ 14. Безсполучникові підрядні речення (asyndetic affirmative sentences)
- •§ 15. Умовні речення (conditional sentences)
- •Вправа 1. Вставити дієслово to be в Present Simple. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •II . Вживання часів Passive Voice
- •Ііі. Модальні дієслова
- •Вправа 2. Визначте функцію інфінітиву у реченнях. Перекладіть їх на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 3. Вставте "to" де потрібно. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 7. Вставити "to" де потрібно. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 8. Знайдіть Complex Object. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 13. Знайдіть Complex Subject у наступних реченнях. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 16. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •V. Дієприкметник Вправа 1. Складіть п’ять речень з кожної таблиці.
- •Вправа 4. Знайдіть дієприкметники, встановіть їх форму і функцію. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 8. Замінити наступні складні речення дієприкметниковими конструкціями. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Model: The boys who live in this house formed a football team. – The boys living in this house formed a football team.
- •Вправа 17. Перефразуйте наступні речення, використовуючи Absolute Participle Complex. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 18. Знайдіть дієприкметникові комплекси. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •VI. Ступені порівняння
- •VII. Слова - замінники
- •Vііі. Безсполучникові речення
- •IX. Умовні речення
- •Вправа 8. Утворіть умовні речення. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Бібліографія reference list
- •Harvey j. & Johnson m.K. Modern Economics. – Macmillan, 1994. – 200 p.
1. The economy of ukraine
Lead-in:
1. ferrous metallurgy – чорна металургія
2. domestic market – внутрішній ринок
3. manganese ore – марганцева руда
4. mercury – ртуть
5. mineral deposits – мінеральні поклади
6. black soil – чорнозем
7. precipitation – осадки
Ukraine is a country that is developed in both industry and agriculture. It may be said to be an industrial-agricultural country.
Speaking about the industry of Ukraine, two branches should be mentioned as primary in importance. The ferrous metallurgy industry, centered in the Pridniprovye Region, produces enough iron and steel to satisfy the needs of the whole country, with more left over to export. The Ukrainian machine-engineering industry manufactures diesel locomotives, railway cars, automobiles, tractors, missiles, sea and river vessels, as well as equipment for metallurgy, mining, textile industries, electric motors and industrial robots. The country also supplies its domestic market with many household appliances, including refrigerators, washing machines and TV-sets.
Some other branches of industry that are well-developed in Ukraine are the cellulose paper industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, and oil processing.
Mining occupies an important place in the economy of Ukraine. Speaking about Ukrainian mining, one thinks first of the coal mines of Donbas. But coal is probably not the most important mineral mined in the country. Iron, manganese, titanium and uranium ores, as well as salt, graphite, mercury, gypsum, and mineral paints are among the mineral deposits that Ukraine possesses in quantities large enough to fully satisfy its needs.
U kraine has always been associated with grain production. That and sugar production are the main branches of Ukrainian agriculture. This is natural because of the characteristics of the country’s relief and climate. The territory of Ukraine is composed mostly of steppes and plains (over 95 % of the land), and the country possesses 25 % of all the black soil in the world. These features provide a great potential for agriculture, especially grain production. Another agricultural asset is the moderately continental climate with 300-600 millimeters of precipitation a year.
It may be said that Ukraine has everything to become one of the most economically developed countries in the world. Whether or not that happens will depend on the success of economic reforms, how well a transition to a market economy is achieved, and free market mechanisms are introduced. Of great importance are foreign investments that could be a great stimulus to Ukraine’s economic development.
Questions for comprehension check-up and discussion:
Is Ukraine developed in industry and agriculture?
What industries are primary in importance?
What are other well-developed industries?
What place does mining occupy?
Is agriculture important?
Why is Ukraine an agricultural country?
2. The economy of the usa
Lead-in:
1. free enterprise system – система вільного підприємництва
2. consumers – споживачи
3. have risen enormously – значно зросла
4. purchasing power – купівельна спроможнісь
5. gross national product – валовий національний продукт
6. per capita – на душу населення
7. retail businesses – роздрібна торгівля
The American economy is a free enterprise system that has emerged from the labors of millions of American workers; from the wants that American consumers have expressed in the marketplace; from the efforts of thousands of private business people; and from the activities of government officials at all levels.
The nation’s income and productivity have risen enormously over the past 80 years. In this period, the money for personal consumption tripled in real purchasing power. The gross national product per capita has grown four times, reflecting the growth in labour productivity.
Together all sectors of the American economy produce almost $4.000 million dollars worth of goods and services annually. Their consumption is spread widely. Most Americans consider themselves members of the middle economic class, and relatively few are extremely wealthy or poor.
Despite the fact that the United States government supports many segments of the nation's economy, economists estimate that the public sector accounts for only one-fifth of American economic activity, with the other part in private hands. In agriculture, for example, farmers benefit from public education, roads, rural electrification, but their land is private property to work pretty much as they desire. More than 87% of farms are owned by the people who operate them; the rest are owned by business corporations. With increasingly improved farm machinery, seed and fertilizers, more food is produced each year, although the number of farmers decrease annually.
T he bulk of America's wealth is produced by private industries and businesses — ranging from giants like General Motors, which sells $96,371 million worth of cars and trucks each year — to thousands of small, independent enterprises. America has traditionally supported free trade. Some 75% of American products currently face foreign competition within markets in the USA.
American industries have become increasingly more service-oriented. Of 12.6 million new jobs created since 1982, almost 85% have been in service industries. They include retail businesses, hotels and restaurants, communication and education, entertainment and recreation, federal and local government, office administration, banking and finance, and many other types of work. Careers in technical, business and health related fields have particularly experienced employee growth in recent years.
Although the American economy is not perfect, it does do what is expected of marketplace competition — gives Americans the opportunity to compare quality and prices and to decide what they really want to buy. As a result of the creativity, initiative and hard work which free enterprise has encouraged, the USA have become one of the most prosperous nations in the world.
Questions for comprehension check-up and discussion:
How can you characterise the American economy?
How much has the national product per capita grown?
How much do all American sectors produce annually?
What role does the public sector play?
Who is the bulk of American wealth produced by?
What changes have taken place in American industries?
Why do you think the USA have become one of the most prosperous nations in the world?