Trees affected by acid rain

Industries can be developed on new sites with more care for the surroundings than before. However, development often means the destruction of the natural habitat of rare plants and insects.

A European Community directive has called for a 40 per cent cut in nitrogen oxide emissions by 1995. Meanwhile, the British government has refused to be committed to an intermediate goal of 30 per cent cuts by 1993, despite the fact that they acknowledge that power stations in the United Kingdom are responsible for causing acid rain not only in Britain but elsewhere in Europe. Greenpeace, the environmental action group, calculate that more than 450 million of Britain's trees are affected by acid rain.

Comprehension

Use the information on these two pages to answer the questions.

1. Which pictures illustrate threats to the environment?

2. Which pictures illustrate improvements to the environment?

3. Which of the concerns in the questionnaire are not illustrated or mentioned in the text?

4. List the five threats to the environment which people are most worried about, according to the questionnaire.

Discussion Work in pairs.

1. Make your own questionnaire on the environment.

2. Collect the opinions of the rest of the class and report on your findings.

58 BRITAIN EXPLORED

Britain's energy

Britain has the largest energy resources of

any country in the European Community and

is a major producer of oil, natural gas and coal. Other primary sources of energy are

nuclear power and, to a lesser extent water. power.

Before the 1970s Britain depended on imports of oil from abroad but the discovery

of large oil and gas reserves in the North Sea changed this dramatically: by 1986 about 2.2 million barrels of oil were extracted per day, making Britain the world's fifth largest producer. There are over thirty offshore oilfields from which oil and gas are piped to the mainland. Natural gas has replaced coal gas in the public supply system.

Britain has large reserves of coal, and coal mining played a very important part in the industrial revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By 1913 the coal

Industry employed over a million workers. Coal is still an important source of heat for both private houses and power stations, but in

Nuclear power

'The government believes that nuclear power has a vital role in helping to meet Britain's long-term energy requirements.' (Central Office of Information)

'We are in favour of a balanced energy programme for our country's future. Nuclear electricity is not the only answer - but it is a clean, reliable, economic piece of the electricity jigsaw.' (Nuclear Energy Information Group)

'Studies from many countries indicate that

all radioactive wastes can be managed and disposed of without undue risk to man or the environment.' (UK Atomic Energy Authority)

'Nuclear power is unsafe ... and there is a long history of leaks and accidents.' (State of the Nation)

recent years the industry has greatly reduced the numbers of mines and miners while increasing efficiency. There was a long and bitter industrial dispute in 1984-85 as miners reacted to the beginning of this new phase in the development of the coal industry.

(below) A coal mine

ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 59

'An accident on the scale of Chernobyl could happen here at any time.' (Greenpeace)

'We had to destroy sheep for two years after Chernobyl - here and in the Lake District. How do they know it was Chernobyl? We've got nuclear reactors on our doorsteps, and the radiation had never been measured before.' (A North Wales farmer)

Britain has fourteen nuclear power stations in operation. There are other nuclear installations too, such as reprocessing units and research centres. Since the original power stations started operations in 1956 there has been much discussion over the best design; pressurised water reactors are planned for the future and the government's eventual aim is to have 20 per cent of Britain's electricity produced by nuclear power.

All proposals for new power stations meet with public opposition, and this has increased since the disaster at Chernobyl in the Ukraine in 1986. There are fears that the reactors themselves are unsafe, and that the problems of waste, disposal have not been solved. While those in favour of nuclear power claim that it is clean, safe and efficient, opponents argue that the dangers are too great and that other sources of energy have not been sufficiently researched because of lack of government funding or interest. The privatisation of the electricity industry has also raised the

question of who should own and operate nuclear power stations.

Comprehension

Use the information on these two pages to answer the questions.

1. What are the major sources of energy in Britain?

1. How important is North Sea oil to Britain?

2. What do the quotations tell you about the government's viewpoint and other views of nuclear power?

3. Why is there opposition to the use of nuclear power?

Discussion Work in pairs.

1. What similarities and differences are there between Britain's energy sources and those of your own country?

2. What are the most common forms of energy in your own country for home heating, cooking and the production of electricity?