- •390 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Strain and Conflict
- •392 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •394 I EnQlish for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Unit VIII
- •Kinds of Groups
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •396 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •XIV. Read and translate the text:
- •XV. Answer the following questions:
- •402 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XVI. Contradict the following statements. Start your sentence with: «Quite on the contrary...»
- •XVII. Ask your friend:
- •Give examples of primary and secondary groups.
- •Characterize in brief:
- •404 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Networks
- •406 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •Unit IX
- •Group Dynamics
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •4'* I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VIII. Read the text again and note the difference between ingroups and outgroups.
- •IX. Prepare a report «Group Dynamics and Society». Unitx
- •I. Read and translate the text:
- •Deviance
- •4/6 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •418 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VII. Speak on:
- •VIII. Translate the text in writing:
- •2. People become deviant as others define them that way.
- •420 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Unit XI
- •422 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •424 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XII. Answer the following questions:
- •428 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Unit XII
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •Fourth Dimension
- •434 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •The Golden Mean
- •436 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •440 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •442 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •444 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Make up disjunctive questions:
- •445 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •V. What problems are similar for both countries?
- •44Д I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Mass society
- •450 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •7Exrs for written translation I 453
- •III. Translate the text in writing.
- •454 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •455 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •460 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •1. Spencer and His Time
- •VII. Translate the text in writing:
- •466 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •VIII. Translate the text in writing:
- •468 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •470 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •47Г | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •P resent simple
- •II. Complete the following sentences:
- •Past simple
- •478 I Enalish for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Present perfect
- •480 1 English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •482 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •II. Analyze and translate the sentences with participles:
- •484 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •486 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •488 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •490 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •494 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XIII. Read and translate the sentences with complex subject:
- •495 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XIV. Translate the following conditional sentences:
- •XV. Translate the following conditional sentences:
- •498 | English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •XVI. Read, analyze and translate:
- •XVII. Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Vocabulary 500 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Vocabulary I 5o3
- •504 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
- •Vocabulary I s°5
- •Vocabulary I s07
- •Vocabulary 1 509
The Golden Mean
Analysts at the All-Russia Research Center for Living Standards maintain that the proportion of the middle class in the country's largest cities has reached 10 percent. Smaller towns are surveyed less frequently but even there new groups of «neither poor nor rich» people have emerged, though Russian provinces are thought to be lagging behind the center both in the pace of reform and in living standards. What kind of people in average Russian cities comprise the Russian middle class? Who fits the middle class criteria? How do people get into this «golden mean» and stay there? The sociological group Sotsium is studying the middle class in provinces - their occupation, values, and lifestyle.
The general feeling in small provincial towns is one of dissatisfaction and insecurity. The following idea has become the usual way of thinking in these towns: our living standards are deteriorating, we getting less while the prospects of improving the well-being of our families ^e bleaker. This feeling to a certain extent prevents people
436 I English for Psychologists and Sociologists
from understanding their new role in the structure of society. And although social mobility in the provinces is more conservative, the boundaries of the middle class are just as mobile as expansive.
Sociologists believe that the core of the regional middle class consists of highly qualified professionals. They fit into two groups — blue collar workers and the technical intelligentsia. These groups' skills are valued on the high technology and computer software market. They are banking officers, specialists working for foreign firms or joint ventures, and entrepreneurs - owners of several small sales outlets, heads of small businesses, including medical, auto, advertising, leisure, and tourism.
Many people questioned have suddenly discovered hidden skills and their desire to achieve something and they were happy for their «lucky chance» - a newspaper ad, a meeting with a former fellow student, an idea that suddenly occurred to them, or some unexpected job offer that in the end turned their life around.
Of course, there is no universal method of getting out of the vicious circle of poverty, but the principle is just one for all - «keep moving.» According to one businessman, an ability to sell yourself is also a key factor. In his opinion, any commodity, including our intellect, needs to be promoted and advertised. However, 30-40 year old specialists, who grew up in the stagnation era, have never learned to treat their knowledge as a commodity. This, they claim, is beneath their professional dignity. As for starting from scratch, this to many means all but a failure of their entire life.
All people in the middle class that were surveyed noted that they work 12-14- hour days at a pace longer be the need for a specialist. Some of them are afraid of competition and changes in the political situation.
For the absolute majority, these fears are exaggerated. Today the middle class in the provinces has already proved its viability.
Sociology. Unit XII I 437
II. Give definitions of the following words and word- combinations:
The golden mean; blue collar workers; technical intelligentsia; joint venture; commodity; competition.
III. Find in the text synonyms for:
To appear; to conduct a poll; to worsen; welfare; border; specialist; to estimate; capacity; to reach; technique.
IV. Find in the text the following expressions:
Отставать; жизненный уровень; ценности; неудовлетворение; социальная мобильность; высоко квалифицированные специалисты; совместное предприятие; предприниматель; малый бизнес; реклама; скрытые навыки; порочный круг; конкуренция.
V. Make up your own sentences with:
The golden mean; lifestyle; to improve well-being; social mobility; to value skills; desire to achieve something; lucky chance; unexpected job offer; universal method; professional dignity; exaggerated fears.