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Lecture 2. Functional styles

  1. Some remarks on register and functional styles (FS).

  2. Classification of functional styles. The problem of the style of fiction.

  3. The scientific functional style.

  4. The publicistic FS.

  5. The newspaper FS.

  6. The style of official documents.

  7. Colloquial FS.

REGISTER

The question of using language depending on the situation of communication and sociolinguistic factors is treated differently in Russian linguistic (and stylistic) school and foreign scientists. Especially it concerns the terminology used to describe the phenomena. Let us have a look first at the Anglo-American treatment of the problem. The basic term there is REGISTER.

REGISTER in stylistics and sociolinguistics refers to a variety of language defined according to the situation.

First introduced in the 50s, the term retains some of the connotations of the musical sense, presumably its analogy, in that it suggests a scale of degrees of formality, appropriate to different social uses of language.

It is part of the соmmunicative competence of every speaker that he or she will constantly switch usages, select certain features of sound, grammar, lexis etc. in the different situations of everyday life: a domestic chat, a business-letter, a telephone conversation, etc. All these uses of language serve different social roles.

The codification of the significant linguistic features which determine overall the style of the register was much to the fore in the 1960s, in the work of Enkvist, Spenser & Gregory (1964), for instance, and particularly Halliday. Three main variables are distinguished which are felt to be significant for the choice of situational features: field or subject matter; medium or mode (e.g. speech or writing; format, etc.); and tenor, the relations between participants (e.g. social roles) which influences degree of formality, etc. To these can be added the function of the variety: e.g. expository, didactic. There are variations even within the register, so that it is preferable to speak overall of the domain. It must at least be recognized that register is a general term, and that SUBREGISTERS can be identified.

Moreover, different registers will overlap with each other in respect of function or medium or even field (e.g. a prayer v. a sermon), so that many linguistic features will be common to several registers. Our awareness of the distinctive varieties of language is confirmed when we are confronted by register-switching and register-mixing or –borrowing, also known as re-contextualization.

Each style of the literary language makes use of a group of language means the interrelation of which is peculiar to the given style. They include the choice of words and usage of phraseological or standard, cliched phrases; word length and word-building patterns. We find specific syntax (the length of sentences, coordination or subordination prevailing, violation of grammar rule, inversions). But it is the coordination of the language means and SD which shapes the distinctive features of each style, and not the language means or SD themselves.

A FUNCTIONAL STYLE can be defined as a system of coordinated, interrelated and interconditioned language means intended to fulfil a specific function of communication and aiming at a definite effect.

Each style is a relatively stable system at the given stage in the development of the literary language, but it changes, and sometimes considerably, from one period to another.

The number of functional styles is a problem open to discussion.

Neutral style is an ideal model, having no stylistic connotations and possessing the ability to be used in any situation. There are two groups opposed to the neutral style

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