- •Introduction ... ........ ......... .......N. V
- •Introduction
- •1. What counts as a word? Define the status of the given lexical items and comment on the types of naming. Consult the re -commended dictionaries:
- •Give spelling variants of the same words (morphological variants, regional variants).
- •Read the excerpt and answer the questions.
- •Etymological characteristics of the english lexicon
- •1. Trace the etymology and comment on the etymological
- •2. State the languages from which the following words are borrowed:
- •3. Make sure you know the following abbreviations used in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (cod):
- •4. Match the etymological doublets:
- •5. Give adjectives of Latin origin to the following nouns:
- •1. Group the following words into motivated/non-motivated and define the type of motivation:
- •Define polysemy as a linguistic phenomenon.
- •Give working definitions of the key terms with examples.
- •Comment on the semantic processes that were at work in the following words:
- •6. Comment on the types of meaning (metaphoric/ me-tonymic) in the following items:
- •Of english words
- •3. Compare the inner form of the correlative units and focus on the degree of their semantic equivalence:
- •4. Explain the meanings of the following word-combinations:
- •Stylistic and social stratification of the english lexicon
- •1. Read the excerpt and dwell on the influence the two varieties (British and American) have had on each other. American and british english
- •2. Give the American spelling of the following words and de- scribe the main patterns of spelling differences between the two variants (use dictionaries):
- •International Encyclopedia of Linguistics / Ed. By w. Bright. New York; Oxford, 1992. Vol. 1-4.
- •Ways of enriching and expanding the english lexicon
- •1. Classify the words given below according to the word- formation types:
- •1. Pay attention to some widely used abbreviations:
- •Compare the dictionary entries in synchronic and diachronic dictionaries (sod, cod, oald).
- •Characterize the dictionaries you work with according to the model:
- •Manuals of lexicology
- •Encyclopedias of language
- •Тамара Николаевна Суша лексикология английского языка Практикум Учебно-методическое пособие
Define polysemy as a linguistic phenomenon.
Give working definitions of the key terms with examples.
Comment on the semantic processes that were at work in the following words:
arrive |
marshal |
bird |
meat |
boor |
minister |
camp |
office |
cowboy |
place |
deer |
queen |
doctrine |
revolutionary |
engine |
silly |
fowl |
starve |
|
target |
hound |
teach |
knave |
thing |
knight |
Tory |
lord |
villain. |
4. Prove that the meanings in the following polysemantic words are related: hand, head, heavy, table. (Use the dictionaries.)
5. Comment on the semantic structure of the following words from the synchronic point of view: cat, dog, hand, head, mouth, nose. Find points of similarity in the semantic relationship between the meanings of different words.
6. Comment on the types of meaning (metaphoric/ me-tonymic) in the following items:
the arm of a chair
cold voice
loud colours
the eye of a needle
the foot of the mountain
the head of a pin
sweet temper
black deeds
to devour a detective story
to burn with anger
the hands of a clock
every head of cattle
to have a good headfor figures
7. Compare the semantic structure of correlative words
(e.g. black, cat, hand, etc.) in English - Belarusian - Russian and comment on the points of similarity and difference.
8. Analyse the semantic structure of the word table in dia- chronic and synchronic dictionaries paying attention to the order of meanings.
Questions
What are the causes of polysemy?
Polysemy is a semantic universal, isn't it?
What are the causes of semantic change?
What are the patterns of polysemy for English, Belarusian and Russian words denoting animal names, parts of the body, and colour terms?
How can one distinguish between different meanings of a polysemantic word and different usage of the word?
What role does context play in determining the meaning of words?
What is understood by verbal context?
What is understood by context of situation?
Why is it necessary to compare/contrast foreign and native languages?
Recommended Reading
Антругиина Г.Б., Афанасьева O.B., Морозова H.H.
Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. На
англ. яз. М., 1999. Арнольд КВ. Лексикология современного английского языка:
Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр яз. На англ. яз. М.,
1986.
Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С., Князева Г.Ю. и др.
Лексикология английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и
фак. иностр. яз. На англ. яз. М, 1979. Лещева Л.М. Лексическая полисемия: история изучения,
актуальные проблемы и перспективы исследования:
Серия „Лекции преподавателей", №2. Мн.гМГЛУ, 1994. Лещева Л.М. Лексическая полисемия в когнитивном аспекте. Мн., 1996.
Литвин Ф.А. Многозначность слова в языке и речи. М., 1984 Медникова Э.М. Значение слова и методы его описания: Учеб.
пособие. М., 1974. Палмер Ф.Р. Семантика: Очерк. М., 1987. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка М., 1956. Тексты по лексической семантике: Хрестоматия по
лексикологии английского языка. На англ. яз. / С.А.
Игнатова, А.П. Клименко и др. / Под ред. А.П.Клименко.
Мн., 1998.
Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.
Recommended Dictionaries
Англа-беларуска-pycKi слоунж / Т.М.Суша, А.К.Шчука,
А.У.Та(хшч, В.М.Федасеева; Пад агул. рэд. Т.М.Сушы,
АК.Шчую. Мн,, 1989. Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М.э 1969. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред.
В.Н.Ярцева. М., 1990. Новый Большой англо-русский словарь. В 3 т. /
Ю.Д. Апресян, Э.М. Медникова, А.В. Петрова и др. Под
общим рук. Ю.Д. Апресяна. М., 1997. Collins Cobuild English Dictionary. London, 1995. The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Bombay, 1987. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow, 1995. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.
AS. Hornby / Ed. J. Crowther. Oxford, 1995. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles.
Oxford, 1974. Vol. 1,2.
HOMONYMY
Homonymy of words and homonymy of word-forms.
Classification of homonyms.
Sources of homonymy.
Diachronic and synchronic approaches to homonymy.
Criteria for the differentiation between polysemy and homonymy.
6. Homonymy in dictionaries. Key Terms
convergent grammatical homonyms
diverging lexical homonyms
homograph lexico-grammatical homonyms
homonym patterned homonymy
homophone
Tasks and Exercises
1, Classify the following homonyms into lexical, lexico-grammatical and grammatical homonyms:
ball1 (n) ball2 (n)
bank! (n) bank3 (n)
bear (n) bear (v)
draw (n) draw (v)
found (v) found (past of11 to find")
ground (n) ground (past of "to grind")
kind (adj) kind (n)
left (adj) left (past of "to leave ")
mine (n) mine (of "my ")
own (adj) own (v)
page (n) page (n)
use (n) use (v)
2. Find homophones to the following words:
fair (adj) flower (n) idle (adj) key(n) plain (adj) principal (adj) reign (v) see (v) steel (v) tail (n) weather (n)
3. Find homographs to the following words:
bow [bau] (n) row [rau] (n) tear [йэ] (n) use [ju:s] (n)
Study the arrangement of homonyms in general-purpose and specialized dictionaries.
Prove that the following lexical items are homonyms:
case1 (n) an instance of something occurring;
case2 (n) any of various types of container or covering used for keeping or protecting things;
pupil1 (n) a person, especially a child, who is taught in school or privately;
pupil2 (n) the dark circular opening in the centre of the eye that becomes smaller in bright light and larger in the dark.
Questions
What are the main sources of homonymy in English?
What accounts for the abundance of homonymous words and word-forms in English?
Does homonymy exist only among words and word-forms? Can we speak about homonymy of other lexical units? Give examples.
Into what types are homonyms classified by the type of meaning?
Into what types are homonyms classified if their sound-form/ graphic form is taken into account?
What homonyms have related meanings?
What is understood by patterned homonymy?
What is the essential difference between homonymy and polysemy?
What are the criteria for differentiation between polysemy and homonymy?
Why is the semantic criterion not always reliable in differentiating between polysemy and homonymy?
Recommended Reading
Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. На англ. яз. М., 1999.
Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр яз. На англ. яз. М., 1986.
Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С., Князева Г.Ю. и др. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. На англ. яз. М, 1979.
Лещева Л.М. Слова в английском языке: Курс лексикологии современного английского языка: Учебник. На англ. яз. Мн.,2001.
Соболева ПА. Словообразовательная полисемия и омонимия. М, 1980.
Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М, 1956. Харитончик ЗА. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.
Recommended Dictionaries
Малаховский Л.В. Словарь английских омонимов и омоформ. М., 1995.
The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. AS.Hornby / Ed. J.Crowther. Oxford, 1995.
SEMANTIC AND NON-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATIONS